Centre for Health Equity Analytics (CHAIN)
Department of Sociology and Political Science
Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Background: Health inequalities remain a pressing concern across Europe, with clear disparities in outcomes based on social, economic, and geographic factors. These differences are not solely the result of individual practices or access to healthcare, but also reflect the broader conditions in which people live and work. The Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) framework provides a comprehensive lens to understand how such non-medical influences shape health across the life course.

Aim: This data summary examines the health and well-being of people in Europe, with a particular focus on young adults aged 15-34, in comparison to older age groups (35-54 and 55+). Drawing on the “Make it Healthy” framework, it explores four key areas influencing health: behavioural and psychosocial factors, material conditions, occupational factors, and access to healthcare. The report aims to support youth-oriented policy development by identifying disparities and emerging risks affecting younger generations.

Data: Data were drawn from three major cross-national surveys: the European Social Survey (ESS Round 11), the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP 2019 and 2021), and the European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS 2016). The report included 16-28 European countries per dataset, using recommended analysis weights to ensure comparability. Indicators covered domains such as self-rated health, physical activity, nutrition, BMI, trust, social contact, happiness, sense of control, housing problems, financial hardship, job quality, and access to healthcare.

Results: Young people generally reported good self-rated health and higher levels of physical activity than older adults. However, their average BMI values were close to the overweight threshold, and many reported financial constraints affecting food choices. Psychosocial outcomes such as trust, happiness, and sense of control varied by gender, age, and education, with young women and those with lower education reporting lower levels. Material conditions revealed higher rates of housing problems and financial insecurity among youth, especially in urban areas. Occupational indicators showed limited job control, higher exposure to hazards, and greater job insecurity among younger and female workers. Unmet medical needs were also highest among young adults, particularly women and urban residents.

Conclusion: Although many young Europeans report favourable health overall, their health and well-being are shaped by intersecting social, economic, and structural conditions. Addressing these social determinants is critical to promoting equitable opportunities, supporting resilience, and unlocking the full potential of Europe’s younger generations.