| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2023 2020 2018 2016 2014 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 |
There are different ways of trying to improve things in [country] or help prevent things from going wrong. During the last 12 months, have you done any of the following?..Taken part in a (lawful) public demonstration? | (01) = Yes (02) = No |
| EVS | 2017 2008 1999 1990 1981 |
I'm going to read out some different forms of political action that people can take, and I'd like you to tell me, for each one, whether you have actually done these thing, whether you would do it, might do it or would not, under any circumstances, do any of them. Attending lawful demonstrations |
(01) = Have done (02) = Might do (03) = Would never do |
| ISSP | 2014 2004 |
Here are some different forms of political and social action that people can take. Please indicate your involvement in: Took part in a demonstration |
(01) = Have done it in the past year (02) = Have done it in the more distant past (03) = Have not done it but might do it (04) = Have not done it and would never, under any circumstances, do it |
Make it Strong!
In this web page, you will find the Variable Database for the Make it Digital! pillar.
This database presents items under the following concepts: Democratic Participation and Engagement, Education and Learning, Employment, Income and Work Conditions, Migration and Social Cohesion, Parental and Family Life, Political Values and Democratic Perceptions, Preferences and Social Trust, Trust in Institutions, Welfare, Pensions and Family Care.
Under each concept, there are multiple subconcepts to which items are assigned. Under each subconcept, for each item, you can find its respective survey programme, year(s) it was published, question text and response categories.
For more information about surveys, please go to the webpage of its respective survey programme using the hyperlinked survey names. For more information about items, please go to the webpage of its respective survey and year or wave using the hyperlinked years or waves.
Democratic Participation and Engagement
Demonstrations
Importance of Voting
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2019 (92.2) | Please tell me how important or not it is for you personally to vote IN THE EUROPEAN ELECTIONS? Please use a scale from 1 to 10, when 1 means that voting is something that has no importance at all for you, and 10 means that voting is something you consider essential or that is a key duty for you as a citizen. The remaining numbers indicate something in between these two positions. And how important or not is it for you to vote in THE NATIONAL ELECTIONS IN (OUR COUNTRY)? |
(01) = Voting has no importance at all for you (02) = 02 (03) = 03 (04) = 04 (05) = 05 (06) = 06 (07) = 07 (08) = 08 (09) = 09 (10) = Voting is something you consider essential/ that is a key duty for you as a citizen |
| ESS | 2002 | To be a good citizen, how important is it for a person to vote in elections? | (00) = Extremely unimportant (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Exremely important |
| ISSP | 2014 2004 |
There are different opinions as to what it takes to be a good citizen. As far as you are concerned personally on a scale of 1 to 7, where 1 is not at all important and 7 is very important, how important is it: Always to vote in elections |
(01) = 01 - Not at all important (02) = 02 (03) = 03 (04) = 04 (05) = 05 (06) = 06 (07) = 07 - Very important |
Online Political Expression
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2020 2018 2016 |
There are different ways of trying to improve things in [country] or help prevent things from going wrong. During the last 12 months, have you done any of the following? Have you Posted or shared anything about politics online, for example on blogs, via email or on social media such as Facebook or Twitter? |
(01) = Yes (02) = No |
| ISSP | 2024 | How often, if at all, did you express, support or oppose political views on the Internet or social media in the last 12 months? | (01) = Every day or almost every day (02) = Several times a week (03) = Several times a month (04) = Several times a year (05) = Less often (06) = Never |
Perceptions of Electoral Fairness
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2019 (91.5) | How satisfied or not are you with the following aspects of democracy in the European Union? Free and fair elections |
(01) = Very satisfied (02) = Fairly satisfied (03) = Not very satisfied (04) = Not at all satisfied |
| ESS | 2020 2012 |
Using this card, please tell me to what extent you think each of the following statements applies in [country]. 0 means you think the statement does not apply at all and 10 means you think it applies completely: National elections in [country] are free and fair. |
(00) = Does not apply at all (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Applies completely |
| EVS | 2017 | In your view, how often do the following things occur in this country’s elections? Votes are counted fairly |
(01) = Very often (02) = Fairly often (03) = Not often (04) = Not at all often |
| EVS | 2017 | In your view, how often do the following things occur in this country’s elections? Election officials are fair |
(01) = Very often (02) = Fairly often (03) = Not often (04) = Not at all often |
| ISSP | 2014 2004 |
Thinking of the last national election in (COUNTRY), how fair was it regarding the opportunities of the candidates and parties to campaign? | (01) = Very fair (02) = Somewhat fair (03) = Neither fair nor unfair (04) = Somewhat unfair (05) = Very unfair |
Political Contact and Engagement
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EQLS | 2016 2012 2007 2003 |
Over the past year, have you …? b. Contacted a politician or public official (other than routine contact arising from use of public services) |
(01) = Yes (02) = No |
| ESS | 2023 2020 2018 2016 2014 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 |
There are different ways of trying to improve things in [country] or help prevent things from going wrong. During the last 12 months, have you done any of the following? Contacted a politician, government or local government official? |
(01) = Yes (02) = No |
| ISSP | 2014 2004 |
Here are some different forms of political and social action that people can take. Please indicate your involvement in: Contacted, or attempted to contact, a politician or a civil servant to express your views |
(01) = Have done it in the past year (02) = Have done it in the more distant past (03) = Have not done it but might do it (04) = Have not done it and would never, under any circumstances, do it |
| ISSP | 2024 | Here are some different forms of political and social action that people can take. Please indicate, for each one, whether you have done any of these things in the last 12 months offline only, online only, or both offline and online. Contacted, or attempted to contact, a politician to express your views |
(01) = Only offline (02) = Only online (03) = Both, offline and online (04) = Neither offline nor online |
Voting in Last Election
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EQLS | 2007 2003 |
Some people don’t vote nowadays for one reason or another. Did you vote in the last [country] national election held in [month/year]? | (01) = Yes (02) = No (03) = Not eligible to vote |
| ESS | 2023 2020 2018 2016 2014 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 |
Some people don’t vote nowadays for one reason or another. Did you vote in the last [country] national election in [month/year]? | (01) = Yes (02) = No (03) = Not eligible to vote |
| ISSP | 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 |
Some people don't vote nowadays for one reason or another. Did you vote in the last [country] national election in [month/year]? |
(01) = Yes, I did vote (02) = No, I did not vote (00) = I was not eligible to vote in the last election |
Education and Learning
Achieving the Level of Education
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | To what extend do you think the following statement applies in [COUNTRY]? Overall, everyone in [COUNTRY] has a fair chance of achieving the level of education they | (01) = – 0 – Does not apply at all (02) = 1 (03) = 2 (04) = 3 (05) = 4 (06) = 5 (07) = 6 (08) = 7 (09) = 8 (10) = 9 (11) = 10 - Applies completely |
| ESS | 2018 | To what extent do you think this statement applies in [country]? Overall, everyone in [country] has a fair chance of achieving the level of education they seek. | (00) = Not at all (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Completely |
Awareness of Erasmus Programme
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | Are you familiar with the Erasmus programme offering learning mobility for pupils, students, adult learners, and trainees? | (01) = Yes, I have heard about it (02) = Yes, I have participated in it (03) = No, I have never heard about this programme |
| EB | 2016 (86.2) 2009 (71.2) 2006 (65.3) |
Have you ever heard of the Erasmus programme? | (01) = Yes (02) = No |
Equality of Opportunity for Education
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | To what extend do you think the following statement applies to you? Compared to other people in [COUNTRY], I have had a fair chance of achieving the level of education I was seeking. | (00) = 0 – Does not apply at all (01) = 1 (02) = 2 (03) = 3 (04) = 4 (05) = 5 (06) = 6 (07) = 7 (08) = 8 (09) = 9 (10) = 10 – Applies completely |
| ESS | 2018 | To what extent do you think this statement applies to you? Compared to other people in [country], I have had a fair chance of achieving the level of education I was seeking. |
(00) = Not at all (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Completely (55 = I have not completed a level of education yet) |
Lifelong Learning
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | In the last 12 months, have you participated in training courses, including online courses, for non-professional reasons? | (01) = Yes, I have done this using my own/my family resources (02) = Yes, I have done this using resources provided by my employer (03) = Yes, I have participated in training courses using resources provided by public institutions/NGO (04) = No, I have not participated in training courses |
| EB | 2004 (62.1) | During the last twelve months, have you participated in any of the following training courses? Training courses other than vocational |
(00) = Not mentioned (02) = Mentioned |
| EB | 2009 (71.2) | During the last 12 months, have you participated in any training courses? | (01) = Yes (02) = No |
| EQLS | 2016 | Over the last 12 months, have you participated in training or courses, including online courses? b. Training or courses mostly for non-professional reasons |
(01) = Yes (02) = No |
Satisfaction with Educational Attainment
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | How satisfied or dissatisfied are you with the level of education you have reached? | (00) = 0 – Very dissatisfied (01) = 1 (02) = 2 (03) = 3 (04) = 4 (05) = 5 (06) = 6 (07) = 7 (08) = 8 (09) = 9 (10) = 10 – Very satisifed |
| EQLS | 2016 2012 2007 2003 |
Could you please tell me on a scale of 1 to 10 how satisfied you are with each of the following items, where 1 means you are very dissatisfied and 10 means you are very satisfied? Your education |
(01) = Very dissatisfied (02) = 02 (03) = 03 (04) = 04 (05) = 05 (06) = 06 (07) = 07 (08) = 08 (09) = 09 (10) = Very satisfied |
Spending More on Education and Training Programmes
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | Now imagine there is a fixed amount of money that can be spent on tackling unemployment. Would you be against or in favour of the government spending more on education and training programs for the unemployed at the cost of reducing unemployment benefit? | (01) = Strongly against (02) = Against (03) = In favour (04) = Strongly in favour |
| ESS | 2016 | Now imagine there is a fixed amount of money that can be spent on tackling unemployment. Would you be against or in favour of the government spending more on education and training programs for the unemployed at the cost of reducing unemployment benefit? | (01) = Strongly against (02) = Against (03) = In favour (04) = Strongly in favour |
Employment, Income and Work Conditions
Having an Additional Job
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EQLS | 2016 2012 2007 2003 |
Apart from your main work, have you also worked at an additional paid job or business or in agriculture at any time during the past four (working) weeks? | (01) = Yes (02) = No |
| GGS | 2020 2010 2007 2004 |
Do you currently earn money from an additional job or business? | (01) = Yes (02) = No |
Hours in Additional Job
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EQLS | 2016 2012 2007 2003 |
About how many hours per week did you work in this additional job or business or in agriculture? Please give an average figure for the last 4 working weeks. | write in HOURS |
| GGS | 2020 | How many hours per week do you normally work in your additional job or business including overtime? | _ _ hours |
Job Loss Concerns
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2009 (71.2) | And thinking about the current economic crisis and its potential impact on the job-market, how would you rate your concern, if at all, about each of the following? Please use a scale from 1 to 5 where '1' means that you are "no at all concerned", and '5' that you are "very concerned You losing your job |
(01) = Not at all concerned (02) = 02 (03) = 03 (04) = 04 (05) = Very concerned (06) = Not applicable (SPONTANEUS) |
| EQLS | 2016 2012 2007 2003 |
Using this card, how likely do you think it is that you might lose your job in the next 6 months? | (01) = Very likely (02) = Quite likely (03) = Neither likely, nor unlikely (04) = Quite unlikely (05) = Very unlikely |
| ESS | 2006 | How likely would you say it is that you will become unemployed in the next 12 months? Would you say it is...READ… | (01) = Very likely (02) = Likely (03) = Not very likely (04) = Not at all likely |
| GGS | 2020 | How likely is it that you will lose your job in the next twelve months? | (01) = Very unlikely (02) = Unlikely (03) = Unsure (04) = Likely (05) = Very likely |
| ISSP | 2015 | To what extent, if at all, do you worry about the possibility of losing your job? | (01) = I worry a great deal (02) = I worry to some extent (03) = I worry a little (04) = I don't worry at all |
Number of Weekly Work Hours
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2005 (64.1) | How many hours per week do you usually work? | _ _ hours |
| EQLS | 2016 2012 2007 2003 |
How many hours do/did you normally work per week (in your main job), including any paid or unpaid overtime? | write in HOURS |
| ESS | 2023 2020 2018 2016 2014 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 |
Regardless of your basic or contracted hours, how many hours do/did you normally work a week (in your main job), including any paid or unpaid overtime. | write in |
| GGS | 2020 2010 2004 |
How many hours per week do you normally work in this job or business including overtime? | NUMBER [0..200] |
| ISSP | 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 |
How many hours, on average, do you usually work for pay in a normal week, including overtime? | (01) = One hour (89) = 89 hours; US: 89 hours or more (96) = 96 hours or more |
Opportunities of Young to Find Job
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 3) | What do you think overall about the opportunities for young people (15-24 years old) to find their first full-time job in [COUNTRY]? | (00) = 0 – Extremely bad (01) = 1 (02) = 2 (03) = 3 (04) = 4 (05) = 5 (06) = 6 (07) = 7 (08) = 8 (09) = 9 (10) = 10 – Extremely good |
| EB | 2011 (75.4) | Could you tell me to what extent you agree or disagree with the following statement: In (OUR COUNTRY) young people receive enough advice concerning their learning and career opportunities from schools and employment services. | (01) = Totally agree (02) = Tend to agree (03) = Tend to disagree (04) = Totally disagree |
| ESS | 2008 | And what do you think overall about the opportunities for young people to find their first full-time job in [country]? | (00) = Extremely bad (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Extremely good |
Perceived Fairness of Income
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 3) | To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement? My salary is adequate considering all my efforts and achievements. | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
| EB | 2001 (56.1) | I am going to read out a list of various aspects of jobs. Please choose between the two ends of this scale Your pay |
(01) = Completely dissatisfied (02) = 02 (03) = 03 (04) = 04 (05) = 05 (06) = 06 (07) = Completely satisfied |
| EB | 2005 (64.1) | Generally speaking, when you think about your professional life, could you tell me whether you are very satisfied, fairly satisfied, fairly dissatisfied or not at all satisfied with each of the following? Your salary |
(01) = Very satisfied (02) = Fairly satisfied (03) = Not very satisfied (04) = Not at all satisfied |
| ESS | 2018 | Would you say your gross pay is unfairly low, fair, or unfairly high? (If you think your pay is unfairly low, please choose a number from the left-hand side [-]. - If you think your pay is fair, please choose 0. - If you think your pay is unfairly high, please choose a number from the right-hand side [+].) |
(01) = -4 Extremely unfair (02) = -3 Very unfair (03) = -2 Somewhat unfair (04) = -1 Slightly unfair (05) = 0 Fair pay (06) = +1 Slightly unfair (07) = +2 Somewhat unfair (08) = +3 Very unfair (09) = +4 Extremely unfair |
| ESS | 2018 | Would you say your net pay is unfairly low, fair, or unfairly high? (If you think your pay is unfairly low, please choose a number from the left-hand side [-]. - If you think your pay is fair, please choose 0. - If you think your pay is unfairly high, please choose a number from the right-hand side [+].) |
(01) = -4 Extremely unfair (02) = -3 Very unfair (03) = -2 Somewhat unfair (04) = -1 Slightly unfair (05) = 0 Fair pay (06) = +1 Slightly unfair (07) = +2 Somewhat unfair (08) = +3 Very unfair (09) = +4 Extremely unfair |
| ISSP | 2009 1999 |
Is your pay just? We are not asking about how much you would like to earn - but what you feel is just given your skills and effort. If you are not working now, please tell about your last job. | (01) = Much less than is just (02) = A little less than is just (03) = About just for me (04) = A little more than is just (05) = Much more than is just (06) = Never had a job |
Perceived Job Security
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 2) | How difficult or easy would it be for you to get a similar or better job with another employer if you had to leave your current job? | (00) = 0 – Extremely difficult (01) = 1 (02) = 2 (03) = 3 (04) = 4 (05) = 5 (06) = 6 (07) = 7 (08) = 8 (09) = 9 (10) = 10 – Extremely easy |
| EQLS | 2016 2012 |
If you were to lose or had to quit your job, how likely or unlikely is it that you will find a job of similar salary? | (01) = Very likely (02) = Quite likely (03) = Neither likely nor unlikely (04) = Quite unlikely (05) = Very unlikely |
| ESS | 2002 | How difficult or easy would it be for you to get a similar or better job with another employer if you wanted to? | (00) = Extremely difficult (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Extremely easy |
| ESS | 2004 | Now using this card, how difficult or easy would it be for you to get a similar or better job with another employer if you wanted to? |
(00) = Extremely dfficult (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Extremely easy |
| ESS | 2010 | How difficult or easy would it be for you to get a similar or better job with another employer if you had to leave your current job? | (00) = Extremely difficult (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Extremely easy |
Type of Work Contract
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2005 (64.1) | What type of contract do you have? | (01) = Permanent contract (02) = Fixed term contract (long or short term) (03) = Temporary Employment Agency contract (04) = Apprenticeship or other training scheme (05) = Other |
| ESS | 2023 2020 2018 2016 2014 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 |
Do/did you have a work contract of | (01) = unlimited duration (02) = limited duration |
| GGS | 2020 2010 2007 2004 |
Is your current work contract, if you have any, a permanent contract, a fixed term contract, or a temporary contract? | (01) = Permanent (02) = Fixed term (03) = Temporary (04) = No written contract |
Parental and Family Life
Conditions for Having a Child: Financial Situation
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2006 (65.3) | According to you, how important is each of the following in the decision on whether to have or not to have a/another child? The financial situation |
(01) = Very important (02) = Fairly important (03) = Not very important (04) = Not at all important |
| GGS | 2010 2004 |
How much would the decision on whether to have or not to have a/another child during the next three years depend on your financial situation? | (01) = Not at all (02) = A little (03) = Quite a lot (04) = A great deal |
Conditions for Having a Child: Housing
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2006 (65.3) | According to you, how important is each of the following in the decision on whether to have or not to have a/another child? Housing conditions |
(01) = Very important (02) = Fairly important (03) = Not very important (04) = Not at all important |
| GGS | 2010 2004 |
How much would the decision on whether to have or not to have a/another child during the next three years depend on your housing conditions? | (01) = Not at all (02) = A little (03) = Quite a lot (04) = A great deal |
Conditions for Having a Child: Parental Leave
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2006 (65.3) | According to you, how important is each of the following in the decision on whether to have or not to have a/another child? The opportunity to go on parental leave or care leave |
(01) = Very important (02) = Fairly important (03) = Not very important (04) = Not at all important |
| GGS | 2010 2004 |
How much would the decision on whether to have or not to have a/another child during the next three years depend on your opportunity to go on parental leave or care leave? | (01) = Not at all (02) = A little (03) = Quite a lot (04) = A great deal |
Importance of Leisure Time
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2004 (62.2) | How important is each of the following in your life? Would you say it is very important, fairly important, not very important or not at all important in your life? Leisure time |
(01) = Very important (02) = Fairly important (03) = Not very important (04) = Not at all important |
| EB | 2006 (66.3) | Please say for each of the following how important it is in your life? Leisure time |
(01) = Very important (02) = Quite important (03) = Not very important (04) = Not at all important |
| ESS | 2002 | How important is each of these things in your life? leisure time? |
(00) = Extremely unimportant (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Exremely important |
| EVS | 2017 2008 1999 1990 |
Please say, for each of the following, how important it is in your life. Leisure time |
(01) = important (02) = important (03) = Not important (04) = Not at all important |
Satisfaction with Work-Life Balance
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2005 (64.1) | Generally speaking, when you think about your professional life, could you tell me whether you are very satisfied, fairly satisfied, fairly dissatisfied or not at all satisfied with each of the following? The balance between your private life and your working |
(01) = Very satisfied (02) = Fairly satisfied (03) = Not very satisfied (04) = Not at all satisfied |
| EB | 2005 (64.1) | In your last work, could you tell me whether you were very satisfied, fairly satisfied, fairly dissatisfied or not at all satisfied with each of the following? The balance between your private life and your working |
(01) = Very satisfied (02) = Fairly satisfied (03) = Not very satisfied (04) = Not at all satisfied |
| ESS | 2010 2006 |
How satisfied are you with the balance between the time you spend on your paid work and the time you spend on other aspects of your life? | (00) = Extremely dissatisfied (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Extremely satisfied |
Political Values and Democratic Perceptions
Identification with Political Party
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2023 2020 2018 2016 2014 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 |
Is there a particular political party you feel closer to than all the other parties? | (01) = Yes (02) = No |
| EVS | 1981 | Do you consider yourself to be close or not to any particular party? | (01) = Yes (02) = No |
Interest in Political Affairs
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2001 (55.2) | Please tell me if you are fairly interested or not in each of the following topics? Politics |
(01) = Fairly interested (02) = Fairly not interested |
| EB | 2005 (63.1) | For each of the following statements please tell me to what extent you tend to agree or disagree. I am interested in what is going on in politics and current affairs |
(01) = Strongly agree (02) = Tend to Aree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Tend to disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
| EB | 2021 (95.2) 2010 (73.1) 2005 (63.1) |
In everyday life, we have to deal with many different issues, where we feel more or less interested. For each of the following, please indicate whether you are… Politics |
(01) = Very interested (02) = Moderately interested (03) = Not at all interested |
| ESS | 2023 2020 2018 2016 2014 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 |
How interested would you say you are in politics ? | (01) = Very interested (02) = Quite interested (03) = Hardly interested (04) = Not at all interested |
| EVS | 2017 2008 1999 1990 |
How interested would you say you are in politics? | (01) = Very interested (02) = Somewhat interested (03) = Not very interested (04) = Not at all interested |
| ISSP | 2024 2016 2014 2007 2006 2004 1996 1990 |
How interested would you say you personally are in politics? | (01) = Very interested (02) = Fairly interested (03) = Somewhat interested (04) = Not very interested (05) = Not at all interested |
Perception on Democratic Governance
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2012 | How democratic do you think [country] is overall? Choose your answer from this card where 0 is not at all democratic and 10 is extremely democratic. | (00) = Not at all democratic (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Extremely democratic |
| EVS | 2017 | And how democratically is this country being governed today? Again using a scale from 1 to 10, where 1 means that it is “not at all democratic” and 10 means that it is “completely democratic,” what position would you choose? | (01) = Not at all democratic (02) = 02 (03) = 03 (04) = 04 (05) = 05 (06) = 06 (07) = 07 (08) = 08 (09) = 09 (10) = Completely democratic |
| ISSP | 2023 2014 2004 1996 |
On the whole, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is very poorly and 10 is very well. How well does democracy work in [COUNTRY] today? |
(00) = 00 - Very poorly (01) = 01 (02) = 02 (03) = 03 (04) = 04 (05) = 05 (06) = 06 (07) = 07 (08) = 08 (09) = 09 (10) = 10 - Very well |
Satisfaction with Democracy Level
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2023 (98.2) 2022 (97.5) 2021 (95.3, 94.3) 2020 (93.1) 2019 (92.3, 91.5) 2018 (90.3, 89.1) 2017 (88.3, 87.3) 2016 (86.2, 85.2) 2015 (84.3, 83.3) 2014 (82.3, 81.4) 2013 (80.1, 79.5, 79.3) 2012 (78.1, 77.3) 2011 (76.3) 2010 (73.4) 2009 (72.4) |
On the whole, are you very satisfied, fairly satisfied, not very satisfied or not at all satisfied with the way democracy works in (OUR COUNTRY)? | (01) = Very satisfied (02) = Fairly satisfied (03) = Not very satisfied (04) = Not at all satisfied |
| EQLS | 2016 | On the whole, how satisfied are you with the way democracy works in [country]? Please tell me on a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 means very dissatisfied and 10 means very satisfied. | (01) = Very dissatisfied (02) = 02 (03) = 03 (04) = 04 (05) = 05 (06) = 06 (07) = 07 (08) = 08 (09) = 09 (10) = Very satisfied |
| ESS | 2023 2020 2018 2016 2014 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 |
And on the whole, how satisfied are you with the way democracy works in [country]? | (00) = Extremely dissatisfied (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Extremely satisfied |
| ISSP | 2023 2013 2003 1995 |
How proud are you of [COUNTRY] in each of the following? The way democracy works |
(01) = Very proud (02) = Somewhat proud (03) = Not very proud (04) = Not proud at all |
Trust in Institutions
Trust in European Parliament
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2015 (84.1) | Please tell me if you tend to trust or tend not to trust the European Parliament. | (01) = Tend to trust (02) = Tend not to trust |
| EB | 2024 (101.3) 2023 (100.2, 99.4, 98.2) 2022 (97.5, 96.3) 2021 (95.3, 94.3) 2020 (93.1) 2019 (92.3, 91.5) 2018 (90.3, 89.1) 2017 (88.3, 87.3) 2016 (86.2, 85.2) 2015 (84.3, 83.3) 2014 (82.3, 81.4) 2013 (80.1, 79.3) 2012 (78.1, 77.3) 2011 (76.3, 75.3) 2010 (74.2, 73.4) 2009 (72.4, 71.3, 71.1) 2008 (70.1) 2007 (68.1, 67.2) 2006 (66.1) 2005 (64.2, 63.4) 2004 (62.2, 62.0, 61.0) |
Please tell me if you tend to trust or tend not to trust these European institutions? The European Parliament |
(01) = Tend to trust (02) = Tend not to trust |
| ESS | 2023 2020 2018 2016 2014 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 |
Please tell me on a score of 0-10 how much you personally trust each of the institutions I read out. …the European Parliament? | (00) = No trust at all (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Complete trust |
Trust in Legal System
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2023 (99.4, 98.2) 2022 (97.5, 96.3) 2021 (95.3, 94.3) 2020 (93.1) 2019 (92.3, 91.5) 2018 (90.3, 89.1) 2017 (88.3, 87.3) 2016 (86.2, 85.2) 2015 (83.3) 2014 (82.3) 2010 (74.2) 2009 (72.4, 71.3) 2008 (70.1, 69.2) |
How much trust do you have in certain institutions? For each of the following institutions, do you tend to trust it or tend not to trust it? Justice, the (NATIONALITY) legal system |
(01) = Tend to trust (02) = Tend not to trust |
| EQLS | 2016 2012 2007 |
Please tell me how much you personally trust each of the following institutions. The legal system |
(01) = Do not trust at all (02) = 02 (03) = 03 (04) = 04 (05) = 05 (06) = 06 (07) = 07 (08) = 08 (09) = 09 (10) = Trust completely |
| ESS | 2023 2020 2018 2016 2014 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 |
On a scale of 0-10 how much you personally trust each of the institutions I read out. …the legal system? | (00) = No trust at all (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Complete trust |
| EVS | 1990 1981 |
Please look at this card and tell me, for each item listed, how much confidence you have in them, is it a great deal, quite a lot, not very much or none at all? The legal system |
(01) = A great deal (02) = Quite a lot (03) = Not very much (04) = None at all |
| ISSP | 2018 2008 1998 1991 |
How much confidence do you have in courts and the legal system? | (01) = Complete confidence (02) = A great deal of confidence (03) = Some confidence (04) = Very little confidence (05) = No confidence at all |
| ISSP | 2024 2017 |
On a scale of 0 to 10, how much do you personally trust each of the following institutions? 0 means you do not trust an institution at all, and 10 means you trust it completely. [COUNTRY]’s courts |
(00) = 00 - No trust at all (01) = 01 (02) = 02 (03) = 03 (04) = 04 (05) = 05 (06) = 06 (07) = 07 (08) = 08 (09) = 09 (10) = 10 -Complete trust |
Trust in National Government
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2023 (98.2) 2022 (97.5, 96.3) 2021 (95.3, 94.3) 2020 (93.1) 2019 (92.3, 91.5) 2018 (90.3, 89.1) 2017 (88.3, 87.3) 2016 (86.2, 85.2) 2015 (84.3, 83.3) 2014 (82.3, 81.4) 2013 (80.1, 79.3) 2012 (78.1, 77.3) 2011 (76.3, 75.3) 2010 (73.4) 2009 (72.4, 71.3) |
How much trust do you have in certain institutions? For each of the following institutions, do you tend to trust it or tend not to trust it? The (NATIONALITY) Government |
(01) = Tend to trust (02) = Tend not to trust |
| EQLS | 2016 2012 2007 |
Please tell me how much you personally trust each of the following institutions. The government |
(01) = Do not trust at all (02) = 02 (03) = 03 (04) = 04 (05) = 05 (06) = 06 (07) = 07 (08) = 08 (09) = 09 (10) = Trust completely |
| EVS | 2017 2008 |
Please look at this card and tell me, for each item listed, how much confidence you have in them, is it a great deal, quite a lot, not very much or none at all? Government |
(01) = A great deal (02) = Quite a lot (03) = Not very much (04) = None at all |
Trust in National Parliament
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2024 (101.3) 2023 (100.2, 99.4, 98.2) 2022 (97.5, 96.3) 2021 (95.3, 94.3) 2020 (93.1) 2019 (92.3, 91.5, 91.2) 2018 (90.3, 89.1) 2017 (88.3, 87.3) 2016 (86.2, 85.2) 2015 (84.3, 83.3, 83.1) 2014 (82.3, 81.4) 2013 (80.1, 79.3) 2012 (78.1, 77.3) 2011 (76.3, 75.3) 2010 ( 73.4) 2009 (72.4, 72.1, 71.3) 2008 (70.1) 2007 (68.1, 67.2) 2006 (66.3, 66.1) 2005 (64.2, 63.4) 2004 (62.0, 61.0) |
How much trust do you have in certain institutions? For each of the following institutions, do you tend to trust it or tend not to trust it? The (NATIONALITY) Parliament |
(01) = Tend to trust (02) = Tend not to trust |
| EQLS | 2016 2012 2007 |
Please tell me how much you personally trust each of the following institutions. [NATIONALITY] parliament |
(01) = Do not trust at all (02) = 02 (03) = 03 (04) = 04 (05) = 05 (06) = 06 (07) = 07 (08) = 08 (09) = 09 (10) = Trust completely |
| ESS | 2023 2020 2018 2016 2014 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 |
On a score of 0-10 how much you personally trust each of the institutions I read out. …(country's) parliament? | (00) = No trust at all (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Complete trust |
| EVS | 2017 2008 1999 1990 1981 |
Please look at this card and tell me, for each item listed, how much confidence you have in them, is it a great deal, quite a lot, not very much or none at all? Parliament |
(01) = A great deal (02) = Quite a lot (03) = Not very much (04) = None at all |
| ISSP | 2018 2008 1998 1991 |
How much confidence do you have in [Parliament]? | (01) = Complete confidence (02) = A great deal of confidence (03) = Some confidence (04) = Very little confidence (05) = No confidence at all |
| ISSP | 2024 2020 |
On a scale of 0 to 10, how much do you personally trust each of the following institutions? 0 means you do not trust an institution at all, and 10 means you trust it completely. The [COUNTRY NATIONALITY PARLIAMENT] |
(00) = 00 - No trust at all (01) = 01 (02) = 02 (03) = 03 (04) = 04 (05) = 05 (06) = 06 (07) = 07 (08) = 08 (09) = 09 (10) = 10 -Complete trust |
| EB | 2010 (74.1) 2009 (72.1) |
Please tell me how much you personally trust each of the following institutions using a scale from 1 to 10 where [1] means ‘you do not trust the institution at all' and [10] means ‘you trust it completely'. The (NATIONALITY) parliament |
(01) = Do not trust at all (02) = 2 (03) = 3 (04) = 4 (05) = 5 (06) = 6 (07) = 7 (08) = 8 (09) = 9 (10) = Trust Completely |
Trust in Scientists
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | In general, how much do you trust scientists? | (00) = 0 – Don’t trust at all (01) = 1 (02) = 2 (03) = 3 (04) = 4 (05) = 5 (06) = 6 (07) = 7 (08) = 8 (09) = 9 (10) = 10 – Trust completely |
| ESS | 2020 | How much do you trust SCIENTISTS? | (00) = Not at all (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Completely |
Welfare, Pensions and Family Care
Childcare Services for Working Parents
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | How much responsibility do you think governments should have in ensuring sufficient childcare services for working parents? | (00) = 0 – Should not be the government’s responsibility at all (01) = 1 (02) = 2 (03) = 3 (04) = 4 (05) = 5 (06) = 6 (07) = 7 (08) = 8 (09) = 9 (10) = 10 – Should be entirely the government’s responsibility |
| ESS | 2016 2008 |
And how much responsibility do you think governments should have to ensure sufficient child care services for working parents? | (00) = Should not be government's responsibility (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Should entirely be the responsibilityof the government |
| ISSP | 2001 | On the whole, do you think it should be or should not be the government's responsibility to: Provide childcare for everyone who wants it. |
(01) = Definitely should be (02) = Probably should be (03) = Probably should not be (04) = Definitely should not be |
Conditions for Having a Child: Childcare Availability
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2006 (65.3) | According to you, how important is each of the following in the decision on whether to have or not to have a/another child? Availability of childcare provision |
(01) = Very important (02) = Fairly important (03) = Not very important (04) = Not at all important |
| GGS | 2010 2004 |
How much would the decision on whether to have or not to have a/another child during the next three years depend on availability of childcare? | (01) = Not at all (02) = A little (03) = Quite a lot (04) = A great deal |
Government Responsibility for Elderly
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | How much responsibility do you think governments should have in ensuring a reasonable standard of living for the old? | (00) = 0 – Should not be the government’s responsibility at all (01) = 1 (02) = 2 (03) = 3 (04) = 4 (05) = 5 (06) = 6 (07) = 7 (08) = 8 (09) = 9 (10) = 10 – Should be entirely the government’s responsibility |
| ESS | 2016 2008 |
People have different views on what the responsibilities of governments should or should not be. For each of the tasks I read out please tell me on a score of 0-10 how much responsibility you think governments should have. 0 means it should not be governments’ responsibility at all and 10 means it should be entirely governments’ responsibility. Firstly to ensure a reasonable standard of living for the old? |
(00) = Should not be government's responsibility (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Should entirely be the responsibilityof the government |
| ISSP | 2016 2006 2001 1996 1990 1985 |
On the whole, do you think it should be or should not be the government's responsibility to: Provide a decent standard of living for the old |
(01) = Definitely should be (02) = Probably should be (03) = Probably should not be (04) = Definitely should not be |
Perceived Quality of Pension System
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2010 (74.1) | In general, how would you rate the quality of each of the following PUBLIC services in (OUR COUNTRY)? Please use a scale from 1 to 10, where [1] means “very bad” and [10] means “very good”. State pension system |
(01) = Very bad (02) = 02 (03) = 03 (04) = 04 (05) = 05 (06) = 06 (07) = 07 (08) = 08 (09) = 09 (10) = Very good |
| EB | 2014 (81.5) | How would you judge the current situation in each of the following? The pension system in (OUR COUNTRY) |
(01) = Very good (02) = Rather good (03) = Rather bad (04) = Very bad |
| EQLS | 2016 2012 2007 2003 |
In general, how would you rate the quality of each of the following public services in [country]? Please tell me on a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 means very poor quality and 10 means very high quality. State pension system |
(01) = Very poor quality (02) = 02 (03) = 03 (04) = 04 (05) = 05 (06) = 06 (07) = 07 (08) = 08 (09) = 09 (10) = Very high quality |
Public Spending on Pensions
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2001 (56.1) | Given the fact that the share of elderly people in the population is growing, many different proposals have been put forward. Please, tell me for each of the following whether you strongly agree, slightly agree, slightly disagree or strongly disagree Current pension levels should be maintained even if this means raising taxes or contributions |
(01) = Strongly agree (02) = Slightly agree (03) = Slightly disagree (04) = Strongly disagree |
| EB | 2022 (97.4) | Thinking about the taxes and social security contributions you might have to pay, would you like to see the (NATIONALITY) government spend less, spend the same, or spend more in each of the following areas? Pensions (e.g. old age pensions, disability pensions, survivors pensions) |
(01) = Spend much more (02) = Spend more (03) = Keep spending at current level (04) = Spending less (05) = Spending much less |
| ISSP | 2016 2006 1996 1990 1985 |
Listed below are various areas of government spending. Please show whether you would like to see more or less government spending in each area. Remember that if you say "much more", it might require a tax increase to pay for it. Old age pensions |
(01) = Spend much more (02) = Spend more (03) = Spemd the same as now (04) = Spend less (05) = Spend much less |