| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2016 | You may have heard the idea that the world’s climate is changing due to increases in temperature over the past 100 years. What is your personal opinion on this? Do you think the world’s climate is changing? | (1) = Definitely changing (2) = Probably changing (3) = Probably not changing (4) = Definitely not changing |
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | You may have heard the idea that the world’s climate is changing due to increases in temperature over the past 100 years. What is your personal opinion on this? Do you think the world’s climate is changing? | (1) = Definitely changing (2) = Probably changing (3) = Probably not changing (4) = Definitely not changing |
Make it Green!
In this web page, you will find the Variable Database for the Make it Green! pillar.
This database presents items under the following concepts: Climate Change, Economy and Environment, Energy, Environmental Problems and Threats, Responsibility, Willingness and Activism.
Under each concept, there are multiple subconcepts to which items are assigned. Under each subconcept, for each item, you can find its respective survey programme, year(s) it was published, question text and response categories.
For more information about surveys, please go to the webpage of its respective survey programme using the hyperlinked survey names. For more information about items, please go to the webpage of its respective survey and year or wave using the hyperlinked years or waves.
Climate Change
Climate Change Belief
Climate Change Cause
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2016 2023 2020 |
Do you think that climate change is caused by natural processes, human activity, or both? | (01) = Entirely by natural processes (02) = Mainly by natural processes (03) = About equally by natural processes and human activity (04) = Mainly by human activity (05) = Entirely by human activity (55) = (I don’t think climate change is happening) |
| EB | 2018 | Which of the following statements best describes your opinion? | (1) = Climate change is entirely due to human activity (2) = Climate change is partly due to human activity (3) = Climate change is not at all due to human activity (4) = There is no climate change / I don't believe in climate change (SPONTANEOUS) |
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | Do you think that climate change is caused by natural processes, human activity, or both? | (01) = Entirely by natural processes (02) = Mainly by natural processes (03) = About equally by natural processes and human activity (04) = Mainly by human activity (05) = Entirely by human activity (55) = (I don’t think climate change is happening) |
Climate Change Impact
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2016 | How good or bad do you think the impact of climate change will be on people across the world? Please choose a number from 0 to 10, where 0 is extremely bad and 10 is extremely good. | (0) = Extremely bad 1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4 5. 5 6. 6 7. 7 8. 8 9. 9 (10) = Extremely good |
| ISSP | 2020 | On a scale from 0 to 10, how bad or good do you think the impacts of climate change will be for the world as a whole? 0 means extremely bad, 10 means extremely good | 0. 0 - Extremely bad 1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4 5. 5 6. 6 7. 7 8. 8 9. 9 10. 10 - Extremely good |
Climate Change Thought
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2016 | How much have you thought about climate change before today? | (1) = Not at all (2) = Very little (3) = Some (4) = A lot (5) = A great deal |
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | How much have you thought about climate change before today? | (1) = Not at all (2) = Very little (3) = Some (4) = A lot (5) = A great deal |
Climate Change Worries
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2002 | At present, are you very worried, fairly worried, not very worried or not at all worried about: Climate change? | (1) = Very worried (2) = Fairly worried (3) = Not very worried (4) = Not at all worried |
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | How worried are you about climate change? | (1) = Not at all worried (2) = Not very worried (3) = Somewhat worried (4) = Very worried (5) = Extremely worried |
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 2) | How worried are you about climate change? | (1) = Not at all worried (2) = Not very worried (3) = Somewhat worried (4) = Very worried (5) = Extremely worried |
| ESS | 2016 | How worried are you about climate change? | (1) = Not at all worried (2) = Not very worried (3) = Somewhat worried (4) = Very worried (5) = Extremely worried |
Global Warming Perception
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2008 | And how serious a problem do you think global warming is at this moment? Please use a scale from 1 to 10, 1 would mean that it is not a serious problem at all and 10 would mean that it is extremely serious. | (1) = Box 1 - Not a serious problem at all (2) = Box 2 (3) = Box 3 (4) = Box 4 (5) = Box 5 (6) = Box 6 (7) = Box 7 (8) = Box 8 (9) = Box 9 (10) = Box 10 - An extremely serious problem |
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | Thinking about the world as a whole, how serious do you think global warming is? | (1) = Not at all serious (2) = Not very serious (3) = Somewhat serious (4) = Very serious (5) = Extremely serious |
Economy and Environment
Economic Growth Impact
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2002 | Using this card, please say to what extent you agree or disagree with each of the following statements. Economic growth always ends up harming the environment. |
(1) = Agree strongly (2) = Agree (3) = Neither agree or disagree (4) = Disagree (5) = Disagree strongly |
| ISSP | 1993 2000 2010 2020 |
How much do you agree or disagree with each of these statements? (Please tick one box on each line.) Economic growth always harms the environment. |
(1) = Agree strongly (2) = Agree (3) = Neither agree or disagree (4) = Disagree (5) = Disagree strongly |
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 2) | (To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement?) Economic growth always harms the environment. |
(1) = Strongly agree (2) = Agree (3) = Neither agree nor disagree (4) = Disagree (5) = Strongly disagree |
Economic Growth vs Environmental Protection
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 1982 | Here are two statements which people sometimes make when discussing the environment and economic growth. Which of these statements comes closest to your own point of view? | (1) = Statement A: Protection of the environment should be given priority, even at the risk of holding back the economic growth. (2) = Statement B: Economic growth should be given pripority, even if the environment suffers to some extent. |
| EVS | 2017 | Here are two statements people sometimes make when discussing the environment and economic growth. Which of them comes closer to your own point of view? | (1) = Protecting the environment should be given priority, even if it causes slower economic growth and some loss of jobs. (2) = Economic growth and creating jobs should be the top priority, even if the environment suffers to some extent. (3) = Other answer (code if volunteered only!) |
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | Here are two statements people sometimes make when discussing the environment and economic growth. Which of them comes closer to your own point of view? | (1) = Protecting the environment should be given priority, even if it causes slower economic growth and some loss of jobs. (2) = Economic growth and creating jobs should be given priority, even if the environment suffers to some extent. |
Environment vs Economic Growth
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ISSP | 1993 2000 2010 2020 |
How much do you agree or disagree with each of these statements? (Please tick one box on each line.) In order to protect the environment [COUNTRY] needs economic growth. |
(1) = Agree strongly (2) = Agree (3) = Neither agree or disagree (4) = Disagree (5) = Disagree strongly |
| ISSP | 2000 2010 |
How much do you agree or disagree with each of these statements? (Please tick one box on each line.) Economic progress in [COUNTRY] will slow down unless we look after the environment better. |
(1) = Agree strongly (2) = Agree (3) = Neither agree or disagree (4) = Disagree (5) = Disagree strongly |
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 2) | To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In order to protect the environment, [COUNTRY] needs economic growth. |
(1) = Strongly disagree (2) = Disagree (3) = Neither agree nor disagree (4) = Agree (5) = Strongly agree |
Fossil Fuel Tax Policy
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2016 | To what extent are you in favour or against the following policies in [country] to reduce climate change? Increasing taxes on fossil fuels, such as oil, gas and coal. |
(1) = Strongly in favour (2) = Somewhat in favour (3) = Neither in favour nor against (4) = Somewhat against (5) = Strongly against |
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | To what extent are you in favour or against increasing taxes on fossil fuels, such as oil, gas and coal in [COUNTRY] in order to reduce climate change? | (1) = Strongly in favour (2) = Somewhat in favour (3) = Neither in favour nor against (4) = Somewhat against (5) = Strongly against |
Tax Increase for the Environment
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVS | 1990 1999 |
I am now going to read out some statements about the environment. For each one read out, can you tell me whether you agree strongly, agree, disagree or strongly disagree? I would agree to an increase in taxes if the extra money is used to prevent environmental pollution. |
(1) = Agree strongly (2) = Agree (3) = Disagree (4) = Disagree strongly |
| ISSP | 1993 2000 2010 2020 |
How willing to protect environment (Please tick one box only.) And how willing would you be to pay much higher taxes in order to protect the environment? |
(1) = Very willing (2) = Fairly willing (3) = Neither willing nor unwilling (4) = Fairly unwilling (5) = Very unwilling |
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | How willing would you be to pay higher taxes in order to protect the environment? | (1) = Very willing (2) = Fairly willing (3) = Neither willing nor unwilling (4) = Fairly unwilling (5) = Very unwilling |
Energy
Energy Prices
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2022 | In your opinion, how serious a problem is each of the following aspects: The level of energy prices for people in (OUR COUNTRY) in general. | (1) = A very serious problem (2) = A fairly serious problem (3) = Not a very serious problem (4) = Not a serious problem at all |
| ESS | 2016 | How worried are you that energy may be too expensive for many people in [country]? | (1) = Not at all worried (2) = Not very worried (3) = Somewhat worried (4) = Very worried (5) = Extremely worried |
Energy Reduction
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2022 | How confident or not are you about this statement: Overall, how confident are you personally that you could use less energy than you do now? | Use a scale from 1 to 10, where 1 means 'not at all confident', and 10 means 'completely confident'. The remaining numbers indicate something in between these two positions. |
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 3) | Overall, how confident are you that you could use less energy than you do now? | (0)=0, Not at all confident (1)=1 (2)=2 (3)=3 (4)=4 (5)=5 (6)=6 (7)=7 (8)=8 (9)=9 (10)=10, Completely confident |
Renewable Energy Subsidy Policy
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2016 | To what extent are you in favour or against the following policies in [country] to reduce climate change? Using public money to subsidise renewable energy such as wind and solar power. |
(1) = Strongly in favour (2) = Somewhat in favour (3) = Neither in favour nor against (4) = Somewhat against (5) = Strongly against |
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | To what extent are you in favour or against using public money to subsidise renewable energy such as wind and solar power in [COUNTRY] in order to reduce climate change? | (1) = Strongly in favour (2) = Somewhat in favour (3) = Neither in favour nor against (4) = Somewhat against (5) = Strongly against |
Environmental Problems and Threats
Air Pollution Complaints
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 1999 1995 1992 1988 1986 1982 |
Where you live, do you have very much reason, quite a lot of reason, not very much reason or no reason at all to complain about air pollution? | (1) = Very much reason (2) = Quite a lot of reason (3) = Not very much reason (4) = No reason at all |
| EQLS | 2003 2007 |
Please think about the area where you live now – I mean the immediate neighbourhood of your home. Do you have very many reasons, many reasons, a few reasons, or no reason at all to complain about each of the following problems? Air pollution |
(1) = Very many reasons (2) = Many reasons (3) = A few reasons (4) = No reason at all |
Balance of Nature vs Industrial Nations
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVS | 2008 | I am now going to read out some statements about the environment. For each one read out, can you tell me whether you agree strongly, agree, disagree or strongly disagree? The balance of nature is strong enough to cope with the impacts of modern industrial nations. |
(1) = Agree strongly (2) = Agree (3) = Disagree (4) = Disagree strongly |
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 2) | (To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement?) The balance of nature is strong enough to cope with the impacts of modern industrial nations. |
(1) = Strongly disagree (2) = Disagree (3) = Neither agree nor disagree (4) = Agree (5) = Strongly agree |
Consequences of Interfering with Nature
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 1997 1999 1995 |
I am going to read you four opinions about the environment. Which one of them comes closest to your opinion? | (1) = Current levels of human activity are causing catastrophe, endangering all forms of life on earth (2) = Current levels of human activity need to be very significantly changed if the general deterioration of the environment is to be stopped (3) = Current levels of human activity are not fundamentally in conflict with the environment (4) = There is no problem at all with the environment |
| EB | 2002 | Which of these opinions comes closest to yours? | (1) = Human activity is currently in harmony with the environment (2) = The deterioration of the environment can be halted by changing our way of life (3) = Human activity can lead to irretrievable damage to the environment (4) = None of these |
| EVS | 2008 | I am now going to read out some statements about the environment. For each one read out, can you tell me whether you agree strongly, agree, disagree or strongly disagree? When humans interfere with nature it often produces disastrous consequences. |
(1) = Agree strongly (2) = Agree (3) = Disagree (4) = Disagree strongly |
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 2) | (To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement?) When humans interfere with nature it often produces disastrous consequences. |
(1) = Strongly disagree (2) = Disagree (3) = Neither agree nor disagree (4) = Agree (5) = Strongly agree |
Earth’s Population Limit
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ISSP | 2000 2010 |
How much do you agree or disagree with each of these statements? (Please tick one box on each line.) The earth simply cannot continue to support population growth at its present rate. |
(1) = Agree strongly (2) = Agree (3) = Neither agree or disagree (4) = Disagree (5) = Disagree strongly |
| EVS | 2008 | I am now going to read out some statements about the environment. For each one read out, can you tell me whether you agree strongly, agree, disagree or strongly disagree? We are approaching the limit of the number of people the earth can support. |
(1) = Agree strongly (2) = Agree (3) = Disagree (4) = Disagree strongly |
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 2) | To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement? We are approaching the limit of the number of people the earth can support. |
(1) = Strongly disagree (2) = Disagree (3) = Neither agree nor disagree (4) = Agree (5) = Strongly agree |
Effect of Environmental Problems
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2019 2017 2011 2007 |
Please tell me to what extent you agree or disagree: Environmental issues have a direct effect on your daily life and health. | (1) = Totally agree (2) = Tend to agree (3) = Tend to disagree (4) = Totally disagree |
| ISSP | 2010 2020 |
How much do you agree or disagree with each of these statements? (Please tick one box on each line.) Environmental problems have a direct effect on my everyday life. |
(1) = Agree strongly (2) = Agree (3) = Neither agree or disagree (4) = Disagree (5) = Disagree strongly |
Environmental Threats
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVS | 2008 | I am now going to read out some statements about the environment. For each one read out, can you tell me whether you agree strongly, agree, disagree or strongly disagree? If things continue on their present course, we will soon experience a major ecological catastrophe. |
(1) = Agree strongly (2) = Agree (3) = Disagree (4) = Disagree strongly |
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 2) | (To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement?) If things continue on their present course, we will soon experience a major ecological catastrophe. |
(1) = Strongly disagree (2) = Disagree (3) = Neither agree nor disagree (4) = Agree (5) = Strongly agree |
Human Domination Over Nature
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVS | 2008 | I am now going to read out some statements about the environment. For each one read out, can you tell me whether you agree strongly, agree, disagree or strongly disagree? Humans were meant to rule over the rest of nature |
(1) = Agree strongly (2) = Agree (3) = Disagree (4) = Disagree strongly |
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 2) | (To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement?) Humans were meant to rule over the rest of nature. |
(1) = Strongly disagree (2) = Disagree (3) = Neither agree nor disagree (4) = Agree (5) = Strongly agree |
Human Ingenuity Will Solve Environmental Problems
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVS | 2008 | I am now going to read out some statements about the environment. For each one read out, can you tell me whether you agree strongly, agree, disagree or strongly disagree? Human ingenuity will ensure that the earth remains fit to live in. |
(1) = Agree strongly (2) = Agree (3) = Disagree (4) = Disagree strongly |
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 2) | (To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement?) Human ingenuity will ensure that the earth remains fit to live in. |
(1) = Strongly disagree (2) = Disagree (3) = Neither agree nor disagree (4) = Agree (5) = Strongly agree |
Importance of Environmental Protection
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVS | 2017 | How much do you agree or disagree with each of these statements? There are more important things to do in life than protect the environment |
(1) = Agree strongly (2) = Agree (3) = Neither agree nor disagree (4) = Disagree (5) = Disagree strongly |
| ISSP | 2000 2010 2020 |
How much do you agree or disagree with each of these statements? (Please tick one box on each line.) There are more important things to do in life than protect the environment. |
(1) = Agree strongly (2) = Agree (3) = Neither agree or disagree (4) = Disagree (5) = Disagree strongly |
Loss of Biodiversity
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2015 | In your opinion, how serious is the decline and possible extinction of animal and plant species, natural habitats and ecosystems? Globally, on the planet. |
(1) = Very serious (2) = Fairly serious (3) = Not very serious (4) = Not at all serious |
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | Thinking about the world as a whole, how serious do you think is the loss of plant or animal species, that is, the loss of biodiversity? | (1) = Not at all serious (2) = Not very serious (3) = Somewhat serious (4) = Very serious (5) = Extremely serious |
Many Claims About the Environment Exaggerated
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVS | 2017 | How much do you agree or disagree with each of these statements? Many of the claims about environmental threats are exaggerated. |
(1) = Agree strongly (2) = Agree (3) = Neither agree nor disagree (4) = Disagree (5) = Disagree strongly |
| ISSP | 2000 2010 2020 |
How much do you agree or disagree with each of these statements? (Please tick one box on each line.) Many of the claims about environmental threats are exaggerated. |
(1) = Agree strongly (2) = Agree (3) = Neither agree or disagree (4) = Disagree (5) = Disagree strongly |
| EB | 2008 2009 2009 |
For each of the following statements, please tell me whether you totally agree, tend to agree, tend to disagree or totally disagree…? The seriousness of climate change has been exaggerated. |
(1) = Totally agree (2) = Tend to agree (3) = Tend to disagree (4) = Totally disagree |
Most Important Environmental Problem
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2019 2017 |
From the following list, please pick the four environmental issues which you consider the most important. | (1) = Decline or extinction of species and habitats, and of natural ecosystems (forests, fertile soils) (2) = Shortage of drinking water (3) = Frequent droughts or floods (4) = Pollution of rivers, lakes and ground water (5) = Marine pollution (6) = Air pollution (7) = Noise pollution (8) = Climate change (9) = Growing amount of waste (10) = Agricultural pollution (use of pesticides, fertilisers, etc.) and soil degradation (11) = Other (12) = None |
| ISSP | 2010 2020 |
Here is a list of some different environmental problems. Which problem, if any, do you think is the most important for [COUNTRY] as a whole? (Please tick one box only.) |
(1) = Air pollution (2) = Chemicals and pesticides (3) = Water shortage (4) = Water pollution (5) = Nuclear waste (6) = Domestic waste disposal (7) = Climate change (8) = Genetically modified foods (9) = Using up our natural resources (10) = None of these |
Most Important Issues Today
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2006 | What do you think are the most important issues facing (OUR COUNTRY) at the moment? Protecting the environment | (0) = Not mentioned (1) = Mentioned |
| ISSP | 2010 2020 |
Which of these issues is the most important for [COUNTRY] today? (Please tick one box only.) |
(1) = Health care (2) = Education (3) = Crime (4) = The enviroment (5) = Immigration (6) = The economy (7) = Terrorism (8) = Poverty (9) = None of these |
| EB | 2008 2007 2008 2009 |
What do you think are the two most important issues facing (OUR COUNTRY) at the moment? Protecting the environment |
(0) = Not mentioned (1) = Mentioned |
| ISSP | 2020 2020 |
Which is the next most important? |
(1) = Health care (2) = Education (3) = Crime (4) = The enviroment (5) = Immigration (6) = The economy (7) = Terrorism (8) = Poverty (9) = None of these |
Science Will Solve Environmental Problems
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2002 2010 2008 2006 2004 |
Using this card, please say to what extent you agree or disagree with each of the following statements. Modern science can be relied on to solve our environmental problems. |
(1) = Agree strongly (2) = Agree (3) = Neither agree or disagree (4) = Disagree (5) = Disagree strongly |
| ISSP | 1993 2000 2010 2020 |
How much do you agree or disagree with each of these statements? (Please tick one box on each line.) Modern science will solve our environmental problems with little change to our way of life. |
(1) = Agree strongly (2) = Agree (3) = Neither agree or disagree (4) = Disagree (5) = Disagree strongly |
Water Pollution Worries
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2002 | At present, are you very worried, fairly worried, not very worried or not at all worried about: Pollution of rivers and lakes? | (1) = Very worried (2) = Fairly worried (3) = Not very worried (4) = Not at all worried |
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 2) | Thinking about the world as a whole, how worried are you about the pollution of rivers, lakes and oceans? | (1) = Not at all worried (2) = Not very worried (3) = Somewhat worried (4) = Very worried (5) = Extremely worried |
Responsibility, Willingness and Activism
Collective Environmental Action
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVS | 2017 | How much do you agree or disagree with each of these statements? There is no point in doing what I can for the environment unless others do the same. |
(1) = Agree strongly (2) = Agree (3) = Neither agree nor disagree (4) = Disagree (5) = Disagree strongly |
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 2) | (To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement?) There is no point in doing what I can for the environment unless others do the same. |
(1) = Strongly disagree (2) = Disagree (3) = Neither agree nor disagree (4) = Agree (5) = Strongly agree |
Energy Efficient Appliance Purchase
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2016 | If you were to buy a large electrical appliance for your home, how likely is it that you would buy one of the most energy efficient ones? | (00) = Not at all likely (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Extremely likely |
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 3) | If you were to buy a large electrical appliance for your home, how likely is it that you would buy one of the most energy efficient ones? | (0)=0, Not at all likely (1)=1 (2)=2 (3)=3 (4)=4 (5)=5 (6)=6 (7)=7 (8)=8 (9)=9 (10)=10, Extremely likely |
Energy Reduction Practices
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2016 | There are some things that can be done to reduce energy use, such as switching off appliances that are not being used, walking for short journeys, or only using the heating or air conditioning when really needed. In your daily life, how often do you do things to reduce your energy use? | (01) = Never (02) = Hardly ever (03) = Sometimes (04) = Often (05) = Very often (06) = Always (55) = Cannot reduce energy use |
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 3) | There are some things that can be done to reduce energy use, such as switching off appliances that are not being used, walking for short journeys, or only using the heating or air conditioning when really needed. In your daily life, how often do you do things to reduce your energy use? | (1) = Never (2) = Hardly ever (3) = Sometimes (4) = Often (5) = Very often (6) = Always |
| ISSP | 2010 | How often do you reduce the energy or fuel you use at home for environmental reasons? | (1) = Always (2) = Often (3) = Sometimes (4) = Never -(4) = Recycling is not available where I live |
Ethical Product Purchase
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2002 | There are different ways of trying to improve things in [country] or help prevent things from going wrong. During the last 12 months, have you done any of the following? Firstly … Deliberately bought certain products for political, ethical or environmental reasons. |
(1) = Yes (2) = No |
| ISSP | 2004 2014 |
There are different opinions as to what it takes to be a good citizen. As far as you are concerned personally on a scale of 1 to 7, where 1 is not at all important and 7 is very important, how important is it: To choose products for political, ethical or environmental reasons, even if they cost a bit more | (1)=1, Not at all important (2)=2 (3)=3 (4)=4 (5)=5 (6)=6 (7)=7, Very important |
Government Responsibility: Laws to Protect the Environment
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2016 | To what extent are you in favour or against the following policies in [country] to reduce climate change? A law banning the sale of the least energy efficient household appliances. |
(1) = Strongly in favour (2) = Somewhat in favour (3) = Neither in favour nor against (4) = Somewhat against (5) = Strongly against |
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | To what extent are you in favour or against a law banning the sale of the least energy efficient household appliances in [COUNTRY] in order to reduce climate change? | (1) = Strongly in favour (2) = Somewhat in favour (3) = Neither in favour nor against (4) = Somewhat against (5) = Strongly against |
Member of a Group to Preserve the Environment?
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVS | 1990 1999 2008 2017 |
Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organisations and activities and say ... which, if any, do you belong to? Conservation, the environment, ecology. |
(1) = Mentioned (2) = Not mentioned |
| ISSP | 1993 2000 2010 2020 |
Are you a member of any group whose main aim is to preserve or protect the environment? (Please tick one box only.) |
(1) = Yes (2) = No |
Personal Responsibility for Climate Change
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2016 2023 2020 |
To what extent do you feel a personal responsibility to try to reduce climate change? | (00) = Not at all (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = A great deal |
| EB | 2022 | To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements: you feel a personal responsibility to act to limit climate change | (1) = Totally agree (2) = Tend to agree (3) = Tend to disagree (4) = Totally disagree |
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | To what extent do you feel a personal responsibility to try to reduce climate change? | (00) = Not at all (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = A great deal |
Protect the Environment: Cut Your Standard of Living
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ISSP | 1993 2000 2010 2020 |
How willing to protect environment (Please tick one box only.) And how willing would you be to accept cuts in your standard of living in order to protect the environment? |
(1) = Very willing (2) = Fairly willing (3) = Neither willing nor unwilling (4) = Fairly unwilling (5) = Very unwilling |
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | How willing would you be to accept cuts in your standard of living in order to protect the environment? | (1) = Very willing (2) = Fairly willing (3) = Neither willing nor unwilling (4) = Fairly unwilling (5) = Very unwilling |
Protect the Environment: Pay Much
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ISSP | 1993 2000 2010 2020 |
How much do you agree or disagree with each of these statements? (Please tick one box on each line.) I do what is right for the environment, even when it costs more money or takes more time. |
(1) = Agree strongly (2) = Agree (3) = Neither agree or disagree (4) = Disagree (5) = Disagree strongly |
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | How willing would you be to pay higher prices for goods and services in order to protect the environment? | (1) = Very willing (2) = Fairly willing (3) = Neither willing nor unwilling (4) = Fairly unwilling (5) = Very unwilling |
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 2) | (To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement?) I do what is right for the environment, even when it costs more money or takes more time. |
(1) = Strongly disagree (2) = Disagree (3) = Neither agree nor disagree (4) = Agree (5) = Strongly agree |
Support for Anti-Nuclear Energy Movements
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 1989 | There are a number of groups and movements seeking the support of the public. For each of the following movements can you tell me… Whether you approve (strongly, or somewhat) or you disapprove (somewhat, or strongly)? Movements concerned with stopping the construction or use of nuclear power plants. |
(1) = Approve strongly (2) = Approve somewhat (3) = Disapprove somewhat (4) = Disapprove strongly |
| EVS | 1990 | There are a number of groups and movements looking for public support. For each of the following movements, which I read out, can you tell me whether you approve or disapprove of this movement? Anti-nuclear energy movement. |
(1) = Strongly (2) = Approve (3) = Somewhat (4) = Disapprove strongly |
Support for Ecology Movement
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 1989 | There are a number of groups and movements seeking the support of the public. For each of the following movements can you tell me… Whether you approve (strongly, or somewhat) or you disapprove (somewhat, or strongly)? The nature protection associations. |
(1) = Approve strongly (2) = Approve somewhat (3) = Disapprove somewhat (4) = Disapprove strongly |
| EB | 1989 | There are a number of groups and movements seeking the support of the public. For each of the following movements can you tell me… Whether you approve (strongly, or somewhat) or you disapprove (somewhat, or strongly)? The ecology movement. |
(1) = Approve strongly (2) = Approve somewhat (3) = Disapprove somewhat (4) = Disapprove strongly |
| EVS | 1990 | There are a number of groups and movements looking for public support. For each of the following movements, which I read out, can you tell me whether you approve or disapprove of this movement? Ecology movement or nature protection. |
(1) = Strongly (2) = Approve (3) = Somewhat (4) = Disapprove strongly |
Too Difficult to Do Much About the Environment
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVS | 2017 | How much do you agree or disagree with each of these statements? It is just too difficult for someone like me to do much about the environment. |
(1) = Agree strongly (2) = Agree (3) = Neither agree nor disagree (4) = Disagree (5) = Disagree strongly |
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 2) | (To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement?) It is just too difficult for someone like me to do much about the environment. |
(1) = Strongly disagree (2) = Disagree (3) = Neither agree nor disagree (4) = Agree (5) = Strongly agree |
| ISSP | 2020 2020 2020 2020 |
How much do you agree or disagree with each of these statements? It is just too difficult for someone like me to do much about the environment. |
(1) = Agree strongly (2) = Agree (3) = Neither agree nor disagree (4) = Disagree (5) = Disagree strongly |