| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2001 (56.1) | In the last twelve months, have you, or any member of your household, had problems in...? paying for food | (01) = No problem (02) = Some problems (03) = A lot of problems (04) = Enormous problems |
| EQLS | 2007 2003 |
Has your household at any time during the past 12 months run out of money to pay for food? | (01) = Yes (02) = No |
| ISSP | 2019 | How often do you or other members of your household skip a meal because there is not enough money for food? | (01) = Never (02) = Less than once a month (03) = Once a month (04) = Several times a month (05) = Once a week (06) = Several times a week (07) = Every day |
Make it Equal!
In this web page, you will find the Variable Database for the Make it Digital! pillar.
This database presents items under the following concepts: Basic Necessities and Cost of Living, Childcare and Parenting, Democratic Norms and Satisfaction, Discrimination, Diversity, Elderly and Family Care, Employment, Job Security and Unions, Global and EU Dimensions, Group Tensions, Household Finances and Income, Housework and Domestic Tasks, Immigration Impacts on Economy, Wages, Jobs, Crime, Immigration Policy and Government Support, Inequality and Fairness, National Identity and Culture, Parenthood, Children and Marriage, Perceived Factors of Success, Political Processes and Participation, Retirement and Housing, Traditional vs Modern Gender Roles, Welfare and Redistribution.
Under each concept, there are multiple subconcepts to which items are assigned. Under each subconcept, for each item, you can find its respective survey programme, year(s) it was published, question text and response categories.
For more information about surveys, please go to the webpage of its respective survey programme using the hyperlinked survey names. For more information about items, please go to the webpage of its respective survey and year or wave using the hyperlinked years or waves.
Basic Necessities and Cost of Living
Affordability of Food
Affordability of Holiday
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2010 (74.1) | There are some things that many people cannot afford, even if they would like them. For each of the following things on this card, can I just check whether your household can afford it if you want it? Paying for a week's annual holiday away from home (not staying with relatives) | (01) = Yes, can affort if want (02) = No, cannot afford it |
| EQLS | 2016 2012 2007 2003 |
There are some things that many people cannot afford, even if they would like them. For each of the following things on this card, can I just check whether your household can afford it if you want it?Paying for a week’s annual holiday away from home (not staying with relatives). | (01) = Yes, can afford if want (02) = No, cannot afford it |
| GGS | 2020 2010 2007 2004 |
Can your household afford to purchase various items, even if they do not want them...paying for a week annual holiday away from home? | (01) = Yes (02) = No |
Affordability of New Clothes
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EQLS | 2016 2012 2007 2003 |
There are some things that many people cannot afford, even if they would like them. For each of the following things on this card, can I just check whether your household can afford it if you want it? Buying new, rather than second-hand, clothes | (01) = Yes, can afford if want (02) = No, cannot afford it |
| GGS | 2010 2007 2004 |
Can your household afford to purchase various items, even if they do not want them… buying new, rather than second-hand clothes? | (01) = Yes (02) = No |
Car or Van for Private Use
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EQLS | 2003 | I am going to read some items a household can possess. Could you tell me whether your household has it, your household does not have it because you cannot afford it, or your household does not have it because you don’t need it? Car or van for private use | (01) = Household has it (02) = Do not have because you cannot afford it (03) = Do not have because you don’t need it |
| GGS | 2010 2007 2004 |
Does your household possess a car or a van available for private use? | (01) = Yes (02) = Would like but cannot afford (03) = Do not have for other reasons |
Estimated Purchasing Power for Basic Needs
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 2) | Of every 100 people of working age in [country], how many would you say do not have enough money for basic necessities? | [Input number] |
| ESS | 2008 | And of every 100 people of working age in [country] how many would you say do not have enough money for basic necessities? Remember, if you are not sure please give your best guess. | (01) = 0 - 4 (02) = 5 - 9 (03) = 10 - 14 (04) = 15 - 19 (05) = 20 - 24 (06) = 25 - 29 (07) = 30 - 34 (08) = 35 - 39 (09) = 40 - 44 (10) = 45 - 49 (11) = 50 or more |
Make Ends Meet
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2002 (57.2) | How well do you get by with your household's income? | (01) = With great difficulty (02) = With difficulty (03) = Easily (04) = Very easily (05) = Very easily |
| EB | 2010 (74.1) | A household may have different sources of income and more than one household member may contribute to it. Thinking of your household’s total monthly income, is your household able to make ends meet…? | (01) = Very easily (02) = Easily (03) = Fairly easily (04) = With some difficulty (05) = With difficulty (06) = With great difficulty |
| EQLS | 2016 2012 2007 2003 |
A household may have different sources of income and more than one household member may contribute to it. Thinking of your household’s total monthly income, is your household able to make ends meet….? | (01) = Very easily (02) = Easily (03) = Fairly easily (04) = With some difficulty (05) = With difficulty (06) = With great difficulty |
| GGS | 2020 2010 2007 2004 |
A household may have different sources of income and more than one household member may contribute to it. Thinking of your household's total monthly income, is your household able to make ends meet... | (01) = With great difficulty (02) = With difficulty (03) = With some difficulty (04) = Fairly easily (05) = Easily (06) = Very easily |
| ISSP | 2022 2019 2017 |
Thinking about your household's total income, including all the sources of income of all the members who contribute to it, how difficult or easy is it currently for your household to make ends meet? | (01) = Very difficult (02) = Fairly difficult (03) = Neither easy nor difficult (04) = Fairly easy (05) = Very easy |
Unable to Pay Rent or Mortgage
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2001 (56.1) | In the last twelve months, have you, or any member of your household, had problems in...? paying the rent or mortgage | (01) = No problem (02) = Some problems (03) = A lot of problems (04) = Enormous problems |
| EQLS | 2016 2012 2007 2003 |
Has your household been in arrears at any time during the past 12 months, that is, unable to pay as scheduled any of the following? a. Rent or mortgage payments for accommodation | (01) = Yes (02) = No |
| GGS | 2010 2007 2004 |
Has your household been in arrears at any time during the past 12 months, that is, unable to pay as scheduled rent for accomodation? | (01) = Yes (02) = No |
| GGS | 2010 2007 2004 |
Has your household been in arrears at any time during the past 12 months, that is, unable to pay as scheduled mortgage payment? | (01) = Yes (02) = No |
| GGS | 2010 2007 2004 |
Has your household been in arrears at any time during the past 12 months, that is, unable to pay as scheduled purchase instalments or other loan repayments? | (01) = Yes (02) = No |
Childcare and Parenting
Care for Children: Mother or Father
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2003 (59.0) | Do you agree with the following statements? It is more natural for mothers than for fathers to take care of children | (01) = Yes (02) = No |
| EVS | 2008 1999 |
People talk about the changing roles of men and women today. For each of the following statements I read out, can you tell me how much you agree with each. Please use the responses on this card. In general, fathers are as well suited to look after their children as mothers | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
| GGS | 2020 | Who are better at caring for small children, men or women? | (01) = Men definitely (02) = Men slightly (03) = Both sexes equally (04) = Women slightly (05) = Women definitely |
| ISSP | 2022 | People have different opinions about how well mothers and fathers are suited to look after their children. Which of the following statements comes closest to your opinion? | (01) = Mothers are much better suited (02) = Mothers are somewhat better suited (03) = Mothers and fathers are equally suited (04) = Fathers are somewhat better suited (05) = Fathers are much better suited |
Pre-School Child Suffers if Mother Works
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVS | 2008 1999 1990 |
People talk about the changing roles of men and women today. For each of the following statements I read out, can you tell me how much you agree with each. Please use the responses on this card. A pre-school child is likely to suffer if his or her mother works | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Disagree (04) = Strongly disagree |
| GGS | 2010 2007 2004 |
To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? A pre-school child is likely to suffer if his/her mother works. | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
| GGS | 2020 | To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? A pre-school child is likely to suffer if his/her mother works. | (01) = Strongly disagree (02) = Disagree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Agree (05) = Strongly agree |
| ISSP | 2022 2012 2002 1994 1991 1990 1988 |
To what extent do you agree or disagree..? A pre-school child is likely to suffer if his or her mother works. | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
Democratic Norms and Satisfaction
Democratic Protection of Minority Rights
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2020 2012 |
And still thinking generally rather than about [country], how important do you think it is for democracy in general that the rights of minority groups are protected? | (00) = Not at all important for democracy in general (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Extremely important for demoracy in general |
| ISSP | 2023 2014 2004 |
There are different opinions about people's rights in a democracy. On a scale of 1 to 7, where 1 is not at all important and 7 is very important, how important is it: That government authorities respect and protect the rights of minorities. | (01) = 01 - Not at all important (02) = 02 (03) = 03 (04) = 04 (05) = 05 (06) = 06 (07) = 07 - Very important |
Importance of Democratic Governance
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2020 2012 |
How important is it for you to live in a country that is GOVERNED democratically? Choose your answer from this card where 0 is not at all important and 10 is extremely important. | (00) = Not at all important (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Extremely important |
| EVS | 2017 | How important is it for you to live in a country that is governed democratically? On this scale where 1 means it is “not at all important” and 10 means “absolutely important” what position would you choose? | (01) = Not at all important (02) = 02 (03) = 03 (04) = 04 (05) = 05 (06) = 06 (07) = 07 (08) = 08 (09) = 09 (10) = Absolutely important |
Respect for Political Institutions
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVS | 2017 2008 |
Some people say the following things are important for being truly [NATIONALITY]. Others say they are not important. How important do you think each of the following is? To respect [COUNTRY]’s political institutions and laws | (01) = Very important (02) = Quite important (03) = Not important (04) = Not important at all |
| ISSP | 2023 2013 2003 1995 |
Some people say that the following things are important for being truly [NATIONALITY]. Others say they are not important. How important do you think each of the following is…to respect [COUNTRY NATIONALITY] political institutions and laws | (01) = Very important (02) = Fairly important (03) = Not very important (04) = Not important at all |
Discrimination
Discrimination at Work
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 3) | Over the last five years, have you been discriminated against with regards to work, for instance when applying for a job, or when being considered for a promotion? | (01) = Yes (02) = No |
| ISSP | 2015 | Over the past five years, have you been discriminated against with regard to work, for instance when applying for a job, or when being considered for a pay increase or promotion? | (01) = Yes (02) = No |
Reason for the Discrimination
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 3) | In your opinion, what was the main reason for the discrimination? | (01) = Colour or race (02) = Nationality (03) = Religion (04) = Language (05) = Ethnic group (06) = Age (07) = Gender (08) = Sexuality (09) = Disability (10) = Other |
| ISSP | 2015 | In your opinion, what was the main reason for the discrimination? | (01) = My age (02) = My race, ethnicity (03) = My nationality (04) = My sex (05) = My religion (06) = My disability/ mental or physical illness (07) = My family responsibilities (08) = My political beliefs (09) = Other reason |
Diversity
Acceptance of Interracial or Interethnic Marriages
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 2) | Thinking of people who have come to live in [country] from another country who are of a different race or ethnic group from most [country nationality] people, how much would you mind or not mind if someone like this married a close relative of yours? | (00) = 0 – Not mind at all (01) = 1 (02) = 2 (03) = 3 (04) = 4 (05) = 5 (06) = 6 (07) = 7 (08) = 8 (09) = 9 (10) = 10 – Mind a lot |
| ESS | 2014 2002 |
And now thinking of people who have come to live in [country] from another country who are of a different race or ethnic group from most [country] people. How much would you mind or not mind if someone like this married a close relative of yours? | (00) = Don't mind at all (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Mind a lot |
| ESS | 2002 | Now thinking again of people who have come to live in [country] from another country who are of the same race or ethnic group as most [country] people, how much would you mind or not mind if someone like this married a close relative of yours? | (00) = Don't mind at all (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Mind a lot |
Attitudes Toward Interracial and Interethnic Contact
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 2) | Thinking about this contact, in general how bad or good is it? (Contact with people who are of a different race or ethnic group from most [country nationality] people when you are out and about. This could be on public transport, in the street, in shops or in the neighbourhood.) | (00) = 0 – Extremely bad (01) = 1 (02) = 2 (03) = 3 (04) = 4 (05) = 5 (06) = 6 (07) = 7 (08) = 8 (09) = 9 (10) = 10 – Extremely good |
| ESS | 2014 | Thinking about this contact, in general how bad or good is it? (Contact with people who are of a different race or ethnic group from most [country] people when you are out and about. This could be on public transport, in the street, in shops or in the neighbourhood.) | (00) = Extremely bad (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Extremely good |
Ethnic Diversity in Public
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 2) | How often do you have any contact with people who are of a different race or ethnic group from most [country nationality] people when you are out and about? This could be on public transport, in the street, in shops or in the neighbourhood. | (01) = Never (02) = Less than once a month (03) = Once a month (04) = Several times a month (06) = Once a week (05) = Several times a week (07) = Every day |
| ESS | 2014 | How often do you have any contact with people who are of a different race or ethnic group from most [country] people when you are out and about? This could be on public transport, in the street, in shops or in the neighbourhood. Please use this card. INTERVIEWER: Any contact should be included, whether verbal or non-verbal. | (01) = Less than once a month (02) = Once a month (03) = Several times a month (04) = Once a week (05) = Several times a week (06) = Every day |
When Migrant Appointed as Boss
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 2) | Thinking of people who have come to live in [country] from another country who are of a different race or ethnic group from most [country nationality] people, how much would you mind or not mind if someone like this was appointed as your boss? | (00) = 0 – Not mind at all (01) = 1 (02) = 2 (03) = 3 (04) = 4 (05) = 5 (06) = 6 (07) = 7 (08) = 8 (09) = 9 (10) = 10 – Mind a lot |
| EB | 2021 (96.2) 2017 (88.2) |
Would you personally feel comfortable or uncomfortable having an immigrant as your… Manager | (01) = Totally comfortable (02) = Somewhat comfortable (03) = Somewhat uncomfortable (04) = Totally uncomfortable |
| ESS | 2014 2002 |
And now thinking of people who have come to live in [country] from another country who are of a different race or ethnic group from most [country] people. How much would you mind or not mind if someone like this was appointed as your boss? | (00) = Don't mind at all (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Mind a lot |
Elderly and Family Care
Caring for Family and Relatives
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2002 (57.2) | Some people have extra family responsibilities, because they look after someone who has a long-term illness, who is handicapped or elderly. Is there anyone living with you who has a long term illness, who is handicapped or elderly, whom you look after or give special help to? | (02) = A husband/wife/partner, 60 or over (03) = A child, under 5 years of age (04) = A child, 5 or over (05) = A relative, under 60 years of age (06) = A relative, 60 or over (07) = A friend, under 60 years of age (08) = A friend, 60 or over (09) = Other person, under 60 years of age (10) = Other person, 60 or over (11) = None of these |
| EB | 2011 (76.2) | Do you personally take care of an older family member? | (01) = Yes, full time carer (02) = Yes, part time carer (03) = No, but have done so in the past (04) = No, have never done so |
| EQLS | 2016 2012 2007 2003 |
How often are you involved in any of the following activities outside of paid work? Caring for elderly/disabled relatives | (01) = Everyday (02) = Three or four times a week (03) = Once or twice a week (04) = Once or twice a month (05) = Less often (06) = Never |
| ESS | 2004 | And apart from housework, do you look after others in your household, such as small children or someone ill, disabled or elderly? | (01) = Yes (02) = No |
Child Responsibility Towards Parents
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVS | 2008 | How would you feel about the following statements? Do you agree or disagree with them? When a parent is seriously ill or fragile, it is mainly the adult child’s duty to take care of him/her | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
| EVS | 2017 | How would you feel about the following statements? Do you agree or disagree with them? Adult children have the duty to provide long-term care for their parents | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
| GGS | 2020 2010 2007 2004 |
To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? Children should take responsibility for caring for their parents when parents are in need. | (01) = Strongly disagree (02) = Disagree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Agree (05) = Strongly agree |
| GGS | 2010 2007 2004 |
To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? Children should have their parents to live with them when parents can no longer look after themselves. | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
| ISSP | 2017 2001 |
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Adult children have a duty to look after their elderly parents. | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
Older People Care
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2004 (62.2) | In general, who do you think should mainly be responsible for paying the care of elderly parents? | (01) = The elderly parents themselves (02) = The family (03) = The State or other public authority (local Government, Social Security, etc.) (04) = Everyone equally (05) = Other |
| EB | 2007 (67.3) | For each of the following statements regarding the care of the elderly, please tell me to what extent you agree or disagree. Care should be provided by close relatives of the dependent person, even if that means that they have to sacrifice their career to some extent | (01) = Totally agree (02) = Tend to agree (03) = Tend to disagree (04) = Totally disagree |
| GGS | 2010 2007 2004 |
There are widely varying views on how we should care for people in our society. Please indicate for each of the topics mentioned whether you think (your own opinion) it is mainly the task for society, the family or for both. Care for older persons in need of care at their home | (01) = Mainly a task for society (02) = More a task for society than for the family (03) = A task equally for both society and the family (04) = More a task for the family than for society (05) = Mainly a task for the family |
| ISSP | 2022 2012 |
Thinking about elderly people who need some help in their everyday lives, such as help with grocery shopping, cleaning the house, doing the laundry etc. Who do you think should primarily provide this help? | (01) = Family members (02) = Government agencies (03) = Non-profit organisations (e.g. charitable organisations, churches/religious organisations) (04) = Private providers of this kind of help |
Employment, Job Security and Unions
Age Groups and Job Scarcity
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVS | 1990 | Do you agree or disagree with the following statements? When jobs are scarce, people should be forced to retire early | (01) = Agree (02) = Disagree (03) = Neither |
| GGS | 2010 2007 2004 |
To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? When jobs are scarce, younger people should have more rights to a job than older people. | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
Dangerous or Unhealthy Work
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2001 (56.1) | Here is a list of statements about your current job. For each of them, please tell me if it is very true, quite true a little true or not at all true? My job is secure | (01) = Very true (02) = Quite true (03) = A little true (04) = Not at all true |
| EB | 2006 (66.3) | How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements describing positive and negative aspects of your job? I work in dangerous or unhealthy conditions | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (03) = Disagree (04) = Strongly disagree |
| EQLS | 2007 2003 |
How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements describing positive and negative aspects of your job? I work in dangerous or unhealthy conditions. | (01) = Strongly Agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
| ESS | 2010 2004 |
Using this card, please tell me how true each of the following statements is about your current job. My health or safety is at risk because of my work. | (01) = Not at all true (02) = A little true (03) = Quite true (04) = Very true |
Trade Unions for Employee Welfare
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 3) | To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Workers need strong trade union to protect their interests. | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
| EB | 2001 (56.1) | Workers need strong trade unions to protect their interests | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Slightly agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Slightly disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
| EB | 2002 (58.0) | Now I am going to read you a number of statements. Please tell me whether you tend to agree or tend to disagree with each one? There is no need for strong trade unions to protect working conditions and wages | (01) = Tend to agree (02) = Tend to disagree |
| ESS | 2002 | To what extent you agree or disagree with each of the following statements. Employees need strong trade unions to protect their working conditions and wages | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
| ISSP | 2015 1989 |
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Workers need strong trade unions to protect their interests | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
Unemployed Individuals to Refuse Job
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2016 | Imagine someone who is unemployed and looking for work. This person was previously working but lost their job and is now receiving unemployment benefit. What do you think should happen to this person’s unemployment benefit if they turn down a job because it needs a much lower level of education than the person has? | (01) = This person should lose all their unemployment benefit (02) = This person should lose about half of their unemployment benefit (03) = This person should lose a small part of their unemployment benefit (04) = This person should be able to keep all their unemployment benefit |
| EVS | 2017 2008 1999 1990 |
Now I'd like you to tell me your views on various issues. How would you place your views on this scale? People who are unemployed should have to take any job available or lose their unemployment benefits /// People who are unemployed should have the right to refuse a job they do not want | (01) = People who are unemployed should have to take any job available or lose their unemployment benefits (02) = 02 (03) = 03 (04) = 04 (05) = 05 (06) = 06 (07) = 07 (08) = 08 (09) = 09 (10) = People who are unemployed should have the right to refuse a job they do not want |
Global and EU Dimensions
Eu Enlargement
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2023 2020 2018 2016 2014 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 |
Thinking about the European Union, some say European unification should go further. Others say it has already gone too far. what number on the scale best describes your position? | (00) = Unification has already gone too far (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Unification should go further |
| EVS | 2017 2008 |
Some say that the European Union enlargement should go further. Others say it has already gone too far. Using this card, which number best describes your position, where ‘1’ means “should go further”, and ‘10’ means “has already gone too far”? | (01) = Should go further (02) = 02 (03) = 03 (04) = 04 (05) = 05 (06) = 06 (07) = 07 (08) = 08 (09) = 09 (10) = Has gone too far |
Global Responsibility and Support
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 2) | How important do you think it is that people in countries which are better off should help those in poorer countries who are unable to provide for their basic needs? | (01) = Very important (02) = Important (03) = Not very important (04) = Not at all important |
| ISSP | 2019 1999 |
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People in wealthy countries should make an additional tax contribution to help people in poor countries. | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
Responsibilities of Richer Countries Towards Poorer Countries
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2002 | How much do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements. Richer countries have a responsibility to accept people from poorer countries | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
| ISSP | 2019 | To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People from poor countries should be allowed to work in wealthy countries | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
Support for Eu Membership
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2019 (92.2) | If a referendum was held tomorrow regarding (OUR COUNTRY)'s membership of the EU, how would you vote? | (01) = You would vote to leave the EU (02) = You would vote to remain in the EU (03) = You would not know what to do/ You are not sure (04) = You wouldn't vote/ You never vote |
| ESS | 2023 2020 2018 2016 |
Imagine there were a referendum in [country] tomorrow about membership of the European Union. Would you vote for [country] to remain a member of the European Union or to leave the European Union? | (01) = Become a member of the European Union (02) = Remain outside the European Union (03) = Would submit a blank ballot paper (04) = Would spoil the ballot paper (05) = Would not vote (06) = Not eligible to vote |
| ISSP | 2023 2013 |
If there were a referendum today to decide whether [COUNTRY] does or does not remain a member of [the European Union], would you vote in favour or would you vote against? | (01) = Vote in favour of remaining (02) = Vote against remainign |
Group Tensions
Tension Between Management and Workers
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2010 (74.1) | In all countries there sometimes exists tension between social groups. In your opinion, how much tension is there between each of the following groups in (OUR COUNTRY)? Management and workers | (01) = A lot of tension (02) = Some tension (03) = No tension |
| EQLS | 2016 2012 2007 2003 |
In all countries there sometimes exists tension between social groups. In your opinion, how much tension is there between each of the following groups in [this country]? Management and workers | (01) = A lot of tension (02) = Some tension (03) = No tension |
| ISSP | 2019 2009 1999 1992 1989 1987 |
In all countries there are differences or even conflicts between different social groups. In your opinion, in (R's country) how much conflict is there between management and workers? | (01) = Very strong conflicts (02) = Strong conflicts (03) = Not very strong conflicts (04) = There are no conflicts |
Tension Between Men and Women
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | In your opinion, in [COUNTRY] how much tension is there between men and women in general? | (01) = No tension at all (02) = Not much tension (03) = Some tension (04) = A lot of tension |
| EQLS | 2016 2012 2007 2003 |
In all countries there sometimes exists tension between social groups. In your opinion, how much tension is there between each of the following groups in [this country]? Men and women | (01) = A lot of tension (02) = Some tension (03) = No tension |
Tension Between Poor and Rich
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | In your opinion, in [COUNTRY] how much tension is there between poor people and rich people? | (01) = No tension at all (02) = Not much tension (03) = Some tension (04) = A lot of tension |
| EB | 2010 (74.1) 2009 (72.1) |
In all countries there sometimes exists tension between social groups. In your opinion, how much tension is there between each of the following groups in (OUR COUNTRY)? Poor and rich people | (01) = A lot of tension (02) = Some tension (03) = No tension |
| EQLS | 2016 2012 2007 2003 |
In all countries there sometimes exists tension between social groups. In your opinion, how much tension is there between each of the following groups in [this country]? Poor and rich people | (01) = A lot of tension (02) = Some tension (03) = No tension |
| ISSP | 2019 2009 1999 1992 1987 |
In all countries there are differences or even conflicts between different social groups. In your opinion, in (R's country) how much conflict is there between poor people and rich people? | (01) = Very strong conflicts (02) = Strong conflicts (03) = Not very strong conflicts (04) = There are no conflicts |
Tension Between Young and Old People
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | In your opinion, in [COUNTRY] how much tension is there between young people and older people? | (01) = No tension at all (02) = Not much tension (03) = Some tension (04) = A lot of tension |
| EB | 2010 (74.1) 2009 (72.1) |
In all countries there sometimes exists tension between social groups. In your opinion, how much tension is there between each of the following groups in (OUR COUNTRY)? Old people and young people | (01) = A lot of tension (02) = Some tension (03) = No tension |
| EQLS | 2016 2012 2007 2003 |
In all countries there sometimes exists tension between social groups. In your opinion, how much tension is there between each of the following groups in [this country]? Old people and young people | (01) = A lot of tension (02) = Some tension (03) = No tension |
| ISSP | 2019 1999 1992 1987 |
In all countries there are differences or even conflicts between different social groups. In your opinion, in (R's country) how much conflict is there between young people and older people? | (01) = Very strong conflicts (02) = Strong conflicts (03) = Not very strong conflicts (04) = There are no conflicts |
Household Finances and Income
Claiming State Benefits Although Being Entitled
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2016 2008 |
Using this card, please say how much you agree or disagree with each of the following statements about people in [country]. Many people manage to obtain benefits and services to which they are not entitled. | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
| EVS | 1999 | According to you, how many of your compatriots do the following? Claiming state benefits to which they are not entitled | (01) = Almost all (02) = Many (03) = Some (04) = Almost none |
Financial Position of Household
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 2) | How likely is it that during the next 12 months there can be periods when you will be unable to pay your household bills? | (01) = Not at all likely (02) = Not very likely (03) = Somewhat likely (04) = Very likely (05) = Extremely likely |
| EB | 2010 (74.1) | What are your expectations for the next twelve months: will the next twelve months be …when it comes to the financial situation of your household? | (01) = Better (02) = Worse (03) = The same |
| EB | 2023 (100.2, 99.4, 98.2) 2022 (97.5, 96.3) 2021 (95.3, 94.3) 2020 (93.1) 2019 (92.3, 91.5) 2018 (90.3, 89.1) 2017 (88.3, 87.3) 2016 (86.2, 85.2) 2015 (84.3, 83.3) 2014 (82.3, 81.4) 2013 (80.1, 79.3) 2012 (78.1, 77.3) 2011 (76.3, 75.3) 2010 (74.2) 2009 (72.4) |
What are your expectations for the next twelve months: will the next twelve months be better, worse or the same, when it comes to financial situation of your household? | (01) = Better (02) = Worse (03) = The same |
| EQLS | 2012 | When it comes to the financial situation of your household, what are your expectations for the 12 months to come, will the next 12 months be better, worse or the same? | (01) = Better (02) = The same (03) = Worse |
| ESS | 2016 2008 |
And during the next 12 months how likely is it that there will be some periods when you don’t have enough money to cover your household necessities? | (01) = Not at all likely (02) = Not very likely (03) = Likely (04) = Very likely |
| EVS | 1981 | How do you think the financial position of your household will change over the next 12 months? | (01) = Get a lot better (02) = Get a little better (03) = Stay the same (04) = Get a little worse (05) = Get a lot worse |
Financial Struggles in the Past Year
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2001 (56.1) | In the last twelve months, have you, or any member of your household, had problems in...? paying the water, gas, electricity or heating bills | (01) = No problem (02) = Some problems (03) = A lot of problems (04) = Enormous problems |
| EQLS | 2016 2012 2007 2003 |
Has your household been in arrears at any time during the past 12 months, that is, unable to pay as scheduled any of the following? b. Utility bills, such as electricity, water, gas | (01) = Yes (02) = No |
| GGS | 2010 2007 2004 |
Has your household been in arrears at any time during the past 12 months, that is, unable to pay as scheduled utility bills, such as for electricity, water, gas? | (01) = Yes (02) = No |
Household Budgeting Practices
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| GGS | 2020 2010 2007 2004 |
How do you and your partner organise your household income? Which of the items fits best? | (01) = I manage all the money and give my partner his/her share (02) = My partner manages all the money and gives me my share (03) = We pool all the money and each takes out what we need (04) = We pool some of the money and keep the rest separate (05) = We each keep our own money separate (06) = Other |
| ISSP | 2022 2012 2002 1994 |
How do you and your spouse/partner organise the income that one or both of you receive? Please choose the option that comes closest. | (01) = I manage all the money and give my spouse/partner his/her share (02) = My spouse/partner manages all the money and gives me my share (03) = We pool all the money and each take out what we need (04) = We pool some of the money and keep the rest separate (05) = We each keep our own money separate |
Household Financial Situation Comparison
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2002 (57.2) | How long has your household been in this financial situation? | (01) = Less than a year (02) = 1 year (03) = From 2 to 3 years (04) = From 4 to 5 years (05) = From 6 to 10 years (06) = Over 10 years |
| EQLS | 2016 2012 |
When you compare the financial situation of your household 12 months ago and now would you say it has become better, worse or remained the same? | (01) = Better (02) = The same (03) = Worse |
| ISSP | 2022 2015 |
Compared to 12 months ago, how do you think the financial situation of your household has changed? Would you say the current situation is … | (01) = Much better (02) = Somewhat better (03) = About the same (04) = Somewhat worse (05) = Much worse |
Main Source of Income
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EQLS | 2007 | Which of your sources of income is the largest? | (01) = Wages or salaries (02) = Income from self-employment or farming (03) = Pension (04) = Child benefit (incl. alimony) (05) = Unemployment benefit, disability benefit or any other social benefits (06) = Other income (e.g. from savings, property or stocks, etc.) |
| ESS | 2018 | Now please consider your own individual income. What is your main source of income? | (01) = Wages or salaries (02) = Income from self-employment or farming (03) = Income from farming (04) = Pension (05) = Unemployment/redundancy benefit (06) = Any other social benefits or grants (07) = Income from investment, savings, insurance or property (08) = Income from other sources (09) = No source of income |
| ESS | 2023 2020 2018 2016 2014 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 |
Please consider the income of all household members and any income which may be received by the household as a whole. What is the main source of income in your household? | (01) = Wages or salaries (02) = Income from self-employment or farming (03) = Pensions (04) = Unemployment/redundancy benefit (05) = Any other social benefits or grants (06) = Income from investment, savings, insurance or property (07) = Income from other sources |
Housework and Domestic Tasks
Disagreement on Household Work Among Partners
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2010 2004 |
Couples sometimes disagree about household and family issues. Using this card, how often do you and your husband/wife/partner disagree about how to divide house-work? | (01) = Never (02) = Less than once a month (03) = Once a month (04) = Several times a month (05) = Once a week (06) = Several times a week (07) = Every day |
| GGS | 2020 2010 2007 2004 |
Within the last 12 months, how often did you and your partner have disagreement about household chores? | (01) = Never (02) = Seldom (03) = Sometimes (04) = Frequently (05) = Very frequently |
| ISSP | 2002 | How often do you and your spouse/partner disagree about the sharing of household work? | (01) = Several times a week (02) = Several times a month (03) = Several times a year (04) = Less often/rarely (05) = Never |
Time Needed for Housework
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2004 | Thinking about the housework you usually do, how much do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? There are so many things to do at home, I often run out of time before I get them all done. | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly Disagree |
| ISSP | 2002 | To what extent do you agree or disagree? There are so many things to do at home, I often run out of time before I get them all done. | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
Time Spend on Housework by Partner
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2010 2004 |
And about how much of this time does your husband/wife/partner spend on housework? | (01) = None or almost none (02) = Up to a quarter of the time (03) = More than a quarter, up to a half of the time (04) = More than a half, up to three quarters of the time (05) = More than three quarters, less than all of the time (06) = All or nearly all of the time |
| ISSP | 2022 2012 2002 |
On average, how many hours a week does your spouse/partner spend on household work, not including childcare and leisure time activities? | _ _ hours |
Immigration Impacts on Economy, Wages, Jobs, Crime
Immigrants for Labor Shortage
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 2) | (To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement?) People who come to live and work in [country] help to fill jobs where there are shortages of workers. | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
| EB | 2006 (65.3) | Which of the following suggestions aimed at solving potential shortages in the workforce do you agree with most? | (01) = Discouraging early retirement (02) = Raising the legal retirement age (03) = Encouraging people to have more children (04) = Encouraging immigration of workers from outside the EU (05) = Encouraging part-time workers to change to full-time work (06) = Increasing the number of legal weekly working hours (07) = Encouraging non-working women to participate in the labor market (08) = None (09) = Other |
| ESS | 2002 | How much do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements. People who come to live and work here help to fill jobs where there are shortages of workers | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
Immigration Impact on Wages
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 2) | To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Average wages and salaries are generally brought down by people coming to live and work in [country]. | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
| ESS | 2002 | How much do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements. Average wages and salaries are generally brought down by people coming to live and work here | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
Immigration and Job Market Impact
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2017 (88.2) | There are different views regarding the impact of immigrants on society in (OUR COUNTRY).To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? Overall, immigrants Take jobs away from workers in (OUR COUNTRY) | (01) = Totally agree (02) = Tend to agree (03) = Tend to disagree (04) = Totally disagree |
| ESS | 2014 2002 |
would you say that people who come to live here generally take jobs away from workers in [country], or generally help to create new jobs? | (00) = Take jobs away (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Create new jobs |
| EVS | 2017 2008 |
Please look at the following statements and indicate where you would place your views on this scale? Immigrants take jobs away from natives in a country /// Immigrants do not take jobs away from natives in a country | (01) = Immigrants take jobs away from natives in a country (02) = 02 (03) = 03 (04) = 04 (05) = 05 (06) = 06 (07) = 07 (08) = 08 (09) = 09 (10) = Immigrants do not take jobs away from natives in a country |
| ISSP | 2023 2013 2003 1995 |
There are different opinions about immigrants from other countries living in [COUNTRY]. (By “immigrants” we mean people who come to settle in [COUNTRY]). How much do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? Immigrants take jobs away from people who were born in [COUNTRY]. | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
Is Country a Good Place for Immigrants
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 3) | To what extent do you agree or disagree that the area where you live is a good place to live for immigrants from other countries? | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
| ESS | 2023 2020 2018 2016 2014 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 |
Is [country] made a worse or a better place to live by people coming to live here from other countries? | (00) = Worse place to live (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Better place to live |
Local vs Immigrant Employment When Jobs Are Scarce
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 2) | When jobs are scarce, employers should give priority to [country nationality] people over immigrants. | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
| EVS | 2017 2008 1999 1990 |
Do you agree or disagree with the following statements? When jobs are scarce, employers should give priority to British (Countries other than UK: please substitute your nationality!) people over immigrants | (01) = Agree (02) = Disagree (03) = Neither |
Perceptions of Immigrants Impact on Welfare
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2009 (71.3) | For each of the following statements, please tell me whether you tend to agree or tend to disagree. Immigrants contribute more in taxes than they benefit from health and welfare services | (01) = Tend to agree (02) = Tend to disagree (03) = It depends [SPONTANEOUS] |
| EB | 2017 (88.2) | There are different views regarding the impact of immigrants on society in (OUR COUNTRY).To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? Overall, immigrants Are a burden on our welfare system | (01) = Totally agree (02) = Tend to agree (03) = Tend to disagree (04) = Totally disagree |
| EQLS | 2012 | Please look at the following statements about immigrants (i.e. people from abroad living in [COUNTRY]) and indicate where you would place your views on this scale. Immigrants are a strain on our welfare system /// Immigrants contribute to our welfare system more than they take out | (01) = Immigrants are a strain on our welfare system (02) = 2 (03) = 3 (04) = 4 (05) = 5 (06) = 6 (07) = 7 (08) = 8 (09) = 9 (10) = Immigrants contribute to our welfare system more than they take out |
| EVS | 2017 2008 |
Please look at the following statements and indicate where you would place your views on this scale? Immigrants are a strain on a country’s welfare system /// Immigrants are not a strain on a country’s welfare system | (01) = Immigrants are a strain on a country’s welfare system (02) = 02 (03) = 03 (04) = 04 (05) = 05 (06) = 06 (07) = 07 (08) = 08 (09) = 09 (10) = Immigrants are not a strain on a country’s welfare system |
Immigration Policy and Government Support
Citizenship Status
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EQLS | 2007 | Are you a citizen of this country [OUR COUNTRY]? | (01) = Yes (02) = No |
| ESS | 2023 2020 2018 2016 2014 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 |
Are you a citizen of [country]? | (01) = Yes (02) = No |
| ESS | 2018 2016 2014 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 |
What citizenship do you hold? | write in |
Government Treatment of Migrants
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 2) | Compared to people like yourself who were born in [country], how do you think the government treats those who have recently come to live here from other countries? | (01) = Much better (02) = A little better (03) = The same (04) = A little worse (05) = Much worse (06) = I was not born in [country] |
| ESS | 2014 | Compared to people like yourself who were born in [country], how do you think the government treats those who have recently come to live here from other countries? | (01) = Much better (02) = A Little better (03) = The same (04) = Worse (05) = Much worse |
Immigration Allowance Level
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EQLS | 2012 2007 |
How about people from other countries coming here to live? Which one of the following do you think the government should do? | (01) = Let anyone come who wants to (02) = Let people come as long as there are jobs available (03) = Put strict limits on the number of foreigners who can come here to work (04) = Prohibit people coming here to work |
| EVS | 2008 1999 |
How about people from less developed countries coming here to work. Which one of the following do you think the government should do? | (01) = Let anyone come who wants to (02) = Let people come as long as there are jobs available (03) = Put strict limits on the number of foreigners who can come here (04) = Prohibit people coming here from other countries |
Open vs Restrictive Immigration Policy
Inequality and Fairness
Agism
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 3) | How common, if at all, do you think discrimination on the basis of being elderly (above 65 years old) is in [COUNTRY] nowadays? | (01) = Extremely common (02) = Very common (03) = Somewhat common (04) = Not very common (05) = Not at all common |
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 3) | How common, if at all, do you think discrimination on the basis of being young (15-24 years old) is in [COUNTRY] nowadays | (01) = Extremely common (02) = Very common (03) = Somewhat common (04) = Not very common (05) = Not at all common |
| EB | 2019 (91.4) | For each of the following types of discrimination, could you please tell me whether, in your opinion, it is very widespread, fairly widespread, fairly rare or very rare in (OUR COUNTRY)? Discrimination on the basis of… Being perceived as too old or too young | (01) = Very widespread (02) = Fairly widespread (03) = Fairly rare (04) = Very rare (05) = Nonexistent |
| ESS | 2008 | How serious, if at all, would you say discrimination is in [country] against people because of their age – whether they are old or young. | (01) = Very serious (02) = Quite serious (03) = Not very serious (04) = Not at all serious (05) = (It depends) (06) = There is no age discrimination at all in [country]) |
Anger Toward Inequality
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | Some people feel angry about differences in wealth between the rich and the poor, while others do not. How do you feel when you think about differences in wealth between the rich and the poor in [COUNTRY]? | (00) = 0 – Not at all angry (01) = 1 (02) = 2 (03) = 3 (04) = 4 (05) = 5 (06) = 6 (07) = 7 (08) = 8 (09) = 9 (10) = 10 – Extremely angry |
| ISSP | 2019 | Some people feel angry about differences in wealth between the rich and the poor, while others do not. How do you feel when you think about differences in wealth between the rich and the poor in [COUNTRY]? Please place yourself on a scale of 0 to 10, where 0 means not angry at all and 10 means extremely angry. | (00) = 00 - Not angry at all (01) = 01 (02) = 02 (03) = 03 (04) = 04 (05) = 05 (06) = 06 (07) = 07 (08) = 08 (09) = 09 (10) = 10 - Extremely angry |
Equal Standard of Living
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2016 2008 |
Using this card, please say how much you agree or disagree with each of the following statements. For a society to be fair, differences in people’s standard of living should be small. | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
| ISSP | 2017 2009 |
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement? For a society to be fair, differences in people's standard of living should be small | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
Helping the Worse Off
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2002 | To be a good citizen, how important is it for a person to support people who are worse off than themselves? | (00) = Extremely unimportant (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Exremely important |
| ISSP | 2023 2014 2004 |
There are different opinions as to what it takes to be a good citizen. As far as you are concerned personally on a scale of 1 to 7, where 1 is not at all important and 7 is very important, how important is it: To help people in [COUNTRY] who are worse off than yourself. | (01) = 01 - Not at all important (02) = 02 (03) = 03 (04) = 04 (05) = 05 (06) = 06 (07) = 07 - Very important |
Perceptions of Income Inequality in Country
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Differences in income in [COUNTRY] are too large. | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
| EB | 2001 (56.1) | Differences in income in (OUR COUNTRY) are too large | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Slightly agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Slightly disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
| EB | 2014 (81.5) 2010 (74.1) 2009 (72.1) |
For each of the following statements, please tell me whether you… Nowadays in (OUR COUNTRY) income differences between people are far too large | (01) = Totally agree (02) = Tend to agree (03) = Tend to disagree (04) = Totally disagree |
| EB | 2022 (97.4) 2017 (88.4) |
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Nowadays in (OUR COUNTRY) differences in people's incomes are too great | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
| ISSP | 2019 2017 2009 1999 1992 1987 |
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Differences in income in [COUNTRY] are too large. | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
Perceptions of Wealth Inequality in Country
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | Some people think the differences in wealth between the rich and the poor are too large, while others think they are too small. In your opinion, do you think the differences in wealth between the rich and the poor in [COUNTRY] are too large, too small or somewhere in between? | (01) = Too large (02) = Somewhat large (03) = Neither too large nor too small (04) = Somewhat small (05) = Too small |
| ESS | 2018 | In your opinion, are differences in wealth in [country] unfairly small, fair, or unfairly large? If you think these differences are unfairly small, please choose a number from the left-hand side. If you think these differences are fair, please choose 0. If you think these differences are unfairly large, please choose a number from the right-hand side | (01) = -4 Small, extremely unfair (02) = -3 Small, very unfair (03) = -2 Small, somewhat unfair (04) = -1 Small, slightly unfair (05) = 0 Fair (06) = 1 Large, slightly unfair (07) = 2 Large, somewhat unfair (08) = 3 Large, very unfair (09) = 4 Large, extremely unfair |
Societal Fairness
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2023 2020 2018 2016 2014 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 |
Do you think that most people would try to take advantage of you if they got the chance, or would they try to be fair? | (00) = Most people would try to take advantage of me (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Most people would try to be fair |
| EVS | 2008 | Do you think that most people would try to take advantage of you if they got the chance, or would they try to be fair? How would you place your view on this scale? Most people would try to take advantage of me /// Most people would try to be fair | (01) = Most people would try to take advantage of me (02) = 02 (03) = 03 (04) = 04 (05) = 05 (06) = 06 (07) = 07 (08) = 08 (09) = 09 (10) = Most people would try to be fair |
| EVS | 2008 | Do you think that most people would try to take advantage of you if they got the chance, or would they try to be fair? How would you place your view on this scale? People mostly look out for themselves /// People mostly try to be helpful | (01) = People mostly look out for themselves (02) = 02 (03) = 03 (04) = 04 (05) = 05 (06) = 06 (07) = 07 (08) = 08 (09) = 09 (10) = People mostly try to be helpful |
| GGS | 2010 2007 2004 |
Do you think most people would try to take advantage of you if they got a chance, or would they try to be fair? | (01) = Would take advantage (02) = Would try to be fair |
| ISSP | 2010 | Generally speaking, do you think that most people would try to take advantage of you if they got the chance, or would they try to be fair? Please tick one box to show what you think, where 1 means most people would try to take advantage of you and 5 means that most people would try to be fair. | (01) = 01 - Most people would try to take advantage (02) = 02 (03) = 03 (04) = 04 (05) = 05 - Most people would try to be fair |
| ISSP | 2023 2017 2014 2004 1998 |
How often do you think that people would try to take advantage of you if they got the chance, and how often would they try to be fair? | (01) = Try to take advantage almost all of the time (02) = Try to take advantage most of the time (03) = Try to be fair most of the time (04) = Try to be fair almost all of the time |
National Identity and Culture
Common Culture for Nationhood
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVS | 2017 | Some people say the following things are important for being truly [NATIONALITY]. Others say they are not important. How important do you think each of the following is? To share [NATIONAL] culture | (01) = Very important (02) = Quite important (03) = Not important (04) = Not important at all |
| ISSP | 2023 2013 2003 1995 |
Some people say that the following things are important for being truly [NATIONALITY]. Others say they are not important. How important do you think each of the following is… to feel [COUNTRY NATIONALLITY] | (01) = Very important (02) = Fairly important (03) = Not very important (04) = Not important at all |
Cultural Equality and Superiority
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 2) | Thinking about the world today, would you say that some cultures are much better than others? | (01) = Yes, definitely (02) = Yes, probably (03) = No, probably not (04) = No, definitely not |
| ESS | 2014 | Thinking about the world today, would you say that some cultures are much better than others or that all cultures are equal? | (01) = Some cultures are much better than others (02) = All cultures are equal |
Cultural Impact of Immigration
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2000 (53.0) | Now we are going to talk about people who have come to live in (OUR COUNTRY) and who are not citizens of a Member State of the European Union, who from now on we will call "immigrants". I am going to read out some statements about people from this group. For each of them, could you please tell me whether you tend to agree or tend to disagree? They enrich the cultural life of (OUR COUNTRY) | (01) = Tend to agree (02) = Tend to disagree |
| EB | 2006 (65.4) | Please tell me whether you personally totally agree, tend to agree, tend to disagree or totally disagree with each of the following statements. People of different ethnic origin than the rest of the population living in (OUR COUNTRY) enrich the (NATIONALITY) culture | (01) = Totally agree (02) = Tend to agree (03) = Tend to disagree (04) = Totally disagree |
| EB | 2009 (71.3) | For each of the following statements, please tell me whether you tend to agree or tend to disagree. People from other ethnic groups enrich the cultural life of (OUR COUNTRY) | (01) = Tend to agree (02) = Tend to disagree (03) = It depends [SPONTANEOUS] |
| EB | 2017 (88.2) | There are different views regarding the impact of immigrants on society in (OUR COUNTRY). To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? Overall, immigrants Enrich (NATIONALITY) cultural life (art, music, food etc.) | (01) = Totally agree (02) = Tend to agree (03) = Tend to disagree (04) = Totally disagree |
| EB | 2017 (88.2) | There are different views regarding the impact of immigrants on society in (OUR COUNTRY). To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? Overall, immigrants Bring new ideas and/or boost innovation in (OUR COUNTRY) | (01) = Totally agree (02) = Tend to agree (03) = Tend to disagree (04) = Totally disagree |
| EB | 2023 (100.2, 99.4) 2020 (93.1) 2019 (92.3) |
For each of the following statements, please tell whether you totally agree, tend to agree, tend to disagree or totally disagree Immigrants contribute positively to [Country] | (01) = Totally agree (02) = Tend to agree (03) = Tend to disagree (04) = Totally disagree |
| EQLS | 2012 | Please look at the following statements about immigrants (i.e. people from abroad living in [COUNTRY]) and indicate where you would place your views on this scale. Our country’s culture is undermined by immigrants///Our country’s cultureis enriched by immigrants | (01) = Our country’s culture is undermined by immigrants (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Our country’s cultureis enriched by immigrants |
| ESS | 2023 2020 2018 2016 2014 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 |
Would you say that [country]’s cultural life is generally undermined or enriched by people coming to live here from other countries? | (00) = Cultural life undermined (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Cultural life enriched |
| EVS | 2008 | Please look at the following statements and indicate where you would place your views on this scale? A country’s cultural life is undermined by immigrants /// A country’s cultural life is not undermined by immigrants | (01) = A country’s cultural life is undermined by immigrants (02) = 02 (03) = 03 (04) = 04 (05) = 05 (06) = 06 (07) = 07 (08) = 08 (09) = 09 (10) = A country’s cultural life is not undermined by immigrants |
| ISSP | 2013 | There are different opinions about immigrants from other countries living in [COUNTRY]. (By “immigrants” we mean people who come to settle in [COUNTRY]). How much do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? [COUNTRY’s] culture is generally undermined by immigrants | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
| ISSP | 2023 2013 2003 1995 |
There are different opinions about immigrants from other countries living in [COUNTRY]. (By “immigrants” we mean people who come to settle in [COUNTRY]). How much do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? Immigrants improve [COUNTRY’S NATIONALITY] society by bringing new ideas and cultures. | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
Cultural Pluralism vs Homogeneity in the Society
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2014 2002 |
How much you agree or disagree with each of these statements? It is better for a country if almost everyone shares the same customs and traditions | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
| EVS | 2017 2008 |
Please look at the following statements and indicate where you would place your views on this scale? For the greater good of society it is better if immigrants maintain their distinct customs and traditions /// For the greater good of society it is better if immigrants do not maintain their distinct customs and traditions but adopt the customs of the country | (01) = For the greater good of society it is better if immigrants maintain their distinct customs and traditions (02) = 02 (03) = 03 (04) = 04 (05) = 05 (06) = 06 (07) = 07 (08) = 08 (09) = 09 (10) = For the greater good of society it is better if immigrants do not maintain their distinct customs and traditions but adopt the customs of the country |
| ISSP | 2013 2003 1995 |
Some people say that it is better for a country if different racial and ethnic groups maintain their distinct customs and traditions. Others say that it is better if these groups adapt and blend into the larger society. Which of these views comes closer to your own? | (01) = It is better for society if groups maintain their distinct customs and traditions. (02) = It is better if groups adapt and blend into the larger society. |
National Identity and Birthplace
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVS | 2017 2008 |
Some people say the following things are important for being truly [NATIONALITY]. Others say they are not important. How important do you think each of the following is? To have been born in [COUNTRY] | (01) = Very important (02) = Quite important (03) = Not important (04) = Not important at all |
| ISSP | 2023 2013 2003 1995 |
Some people say that the following things are important for being truly [NATIONALITY]. Others say they are not important. How important do you think each of the following is…to have been born in [Country] | (01) = Very important (02) = Fairly important (03) = Not very important (04) = Not important at all |
National Identity and Length of Residency
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVS | 2008 | Some people say the following things are important for being truly [NATIONALITY]. Others say they are not important. How important do you think each of the following is? To have lived for a long time in [COUNTRY] | (01) = Very important (02) = Quite important (03) = Not important (04) = Not important at all |
| ISSP | 2013 2003 1995 |
Some people say that the following things are important for being truly [NATIONALITY]. Others say they are not important. How important do you think each of the following is… to have lived in [COUNTRY] for most of one’s life | (01) = Very important (02) = Fairly important (03) = Not very important (04) = Not important at all |
Neighborhood Racial Diversity
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 2) | How would you describe the area where you currently live? | (01) = An area where almost nobody is of a different race or ethnic group from most [country nationality] people (02) = Some people are of a different race or ethnic group from most [country nationality] people (03) = Many people are of a different race or ethnic group |
| EQLS | 2007 | Is your local neighbourhood an area where…? | (01) = Almost nobody is of a different race or ethnic group from most people in [OUR COUNTRY] (02) = Some people are of a different race or ethnic group from most people IN [OUR COUNTRY] (03) = Many people are of a different race or ethnic group |
| ESS | 2014 2002 |
How would you describe the area where you currently live? | (01) = An area where almost nobody is of a different race or ethnic group from most [country] people (02) = Some people are of a different race or ethnic group from most [country] people (03) = Many people are of a different race or ethnic group |
Parental Birthplace
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2010 (73.3) | I am now going to ask you some questions about where you and your family were born. Your grandmother on your mother's side was born in | (01) = (OUR COUNTRY) or a place that is part of (OUR COUNTRY) today (02) = Another country that is today a member of the EU (03) = Another country in Europe, including Turkey, but not a member of the EU (04) = USA, Canada, Japan, Australia or New Zealand (05) = Another country outside Europe |
| EB | 2010 (73.3) | I am now going to ask you some questions about where you and your family were born. Your grandmother on your father's side was born in | (01) = (OUR COUNTRY) or a place that is part of (OUR COUNTRY) today (02) = Another country that is today a member of the EU (03) = Another country in Europe, including Turkey, but not a member of the EU (04) = USA, Canada, Japan, Australia or New Zealand (05) = Another country outside Europe |
| EB | 2010 (73.3) | I am now going to ask you some questions about where you and your family were born. Your grandfather on your father's side was born in | (01) = (OUR COUNTRY) or a place that is part of (OUR COUNTRY) today (02) = Another country that is today a member of the EU (03) = Another country in Europe, including Turkey, but not a member of the EU (04) = USA, Canada, Japan, Australia or New Zealand (05) = Another country outside Europe |
| EB | 2010 (73.3) | I am now going to ask you some questions about where you and your family were born. Your grandfather on your mother's side was born in | (01) = (OUR COUNTRY) or a place that is part of (OUR COUNTRY) today (02) = Another country that is today a member of the EU (03) = Another country in Europe, including Turkey, but not a member of the EU (04) = USA, Canada, Japan, Australia or New Zealand (05) = Another country outside Europe |
| EB | 2021 (96.2) 2017 (88.2) |
You're now going to be asked some questions about where you and your family were born. Your father was born in | (01) = (OUR COUNTRY) (02) = Another country that is today a member of the EU (03) = Another country in Europe, not a member of the EU (04) = USA, Canada, Japan, Australia or New Zealand (05) = Another country outside |
| EB | 2021 (96.2) 2017 (88.2) |
You're now going to be asked some questions about where you and your family were born. Your mother was born in | (01) = (OUR COUNTRY) (02) = Another country that is today a member of the EU (03) = Another country in Europe, not a member of the EU (04) = USA, Canada, Japan, Australia or New Zealand (05) = Another country outside |
| EQLS | 2007 | Please describe where your parents were born. | (01) = Your mother and your father were born in this country (OUR COUNTRY) (02) = One of your parents was born in this country (OUR COUNTRY) and the other was born in another country that is today a Member State of the European Union (03) = Your mother and your father were born in another country that is today a Member State of the European Union (04) = At least one of your parents was born outside of the European Union |
| ESS | 2023 2020 2018 2016 2014 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 |
In which country was your mother born? | write in |
| ESS | 2023 2020 2018 2016 2014 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 |
In which country was your father born? | write in |
Speak the Language
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVS | 2017 2008 |
Some people say the following things are important for being truly [NATIONALITY]. Others say they are not important. How important do you think each of the following is? To be able to speak [THE NATIONAL LANGUAGE] [NOTE: if more than one national languages, ask the national languages] | (01) = Very important (02) = Quite important (03) = Not important (04) = Not important at all |
| ISSP | 2013 2003 1995 |
Some people say that the following things are important for being truly [NATIONALITY]. Others say they are not important. How important do you think each of the following is… to be able to speak [COUNTRY LANGUAGE] | (01) = Very important (02) = Fairly important (03) = Not very important (04) = Not important at all |
To Have Country’s Ancestry
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVS | 2017 2008 |
Some people say the following things are important for being truly [NATIONALITY]. Others say they are not important. How important do you think each of the following is? To have [COUNTRY]’s ancestry | (01) = Very important (02) = Quite important (03) = Not important (04) = Not important at all |
| ISSP | 2023 2013 2003 |
Some people say that the following things are important for being truly [NATIONALITY]. Others say they are not important. How important do you think each of the following is… to have [COUNTRY NATIONALITY] ancestry | (01) = Very important (02) = Fairly important (03) = Not very important (04) = Not important at all |
Parenthood, Children and Marriage
Attitudes Toward Family Structures
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVS | 2008 1999 1981 |
If someone says children needs a home with both a father and a mother to grow up happily, would you tend to agree or disagree? | (01) = Tend to agree (02) = Tend to disagree |
| GGS | 2020 2010 2007 2004 |
To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? A child needs a home with both a father and a mother to grow up happily. | (01) = Strongly disagree (02) = Disagree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Agree (05) = Strongly agree |
| ISSP | 2012 2002 1994 |
Children grow up in different kinds of families. To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? One parent can bring up a child as well as two parents together | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
| ISSP | 2022 1988 |
Children grow up in different kinds of families. To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? A single father can bring up his child as well as a married couple | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
| ISSP | 2022 1988 |
Children grow up in different kinds of families. To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? A single mother can bring up her child as well as a married couple. | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
Child Qualities: Obedience
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2005 (63.1) | Here is a list of qualities that children might be encouraged to learn at home. Please indicate for each of them how important you consider it to be. Obedience | (01) = Very important (02) = Fairly important (03) = Fairly not important (04) = Not at all important |
| ESS | 2023 2020 |
Using this card, please say to what extent you agree or disagree with each of the following statements. Obedience and respect for authority are the most important values children should learn. | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly Disagree |
| EVS | 2017 2008 1999 1990 1981 |
Here is a list of qualities which children can be encouraged to learn at home. Which, if any, do you consider to be especially important? Please choose up to five. Obedience | (01) = Important (02) = Not important |
Child Qualities: Tolerance and Respect
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2005 (63.1) | Here is a list of qualities that children might be encouraged to learn at home. Please indicate for each of them how important you consider it to be. Tolerance and respect for other people | (01) = Very important (02) = Fairly important (03) = Fairly not important (04) = Not at all important |
| EVS | 2017 2008 1999 1990 1981 |
Here is a list of qualities which children can be encouraged to learn at home. Which, if any, do you consider to be especially important? Please choose up to five. Tolerance and respect for other people | (01) = Important (02) = Not important |
| GGS | 2010 2007 2004 |
Here is a list of qualities that children can acquire. Which, if any, do you consider to be especially important? | (01) = Good manners (02) = Independence (03) = Hard work (04) = Feeling of responsibility (05) = Imagination (06) = Tolerance and respect for other people (07) = Thrift, saving money and things (08) = Determination, perseverance (09) = Religious faith (10) = Unselfishness (11) = Obedience |
Cohabitation without Marriage
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVS | 2008 | How would you feel about the following statements? Do you agree or disagree with them? It is alright for two people to live together without getting married | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
| GGS | 2020 2010 2007 2004 |
To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? It is alright for a couple to live together without getting married. | (01) = Strongly disagree (02) = Disagree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Agree (05) = Strongly agree |
| ISSP | 2022 2012 2002 1998 1994 |
To what extent do you agree or disagree? It is all right for a couple to live together without intending to get married | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
Divorce
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVS | 2017 2008 1999 1990 1981 |
Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, never be justified or something in between, using this card. Divorce | (01) = Never (02) = 02 (03) = 03 (04) = 04 (05) = 05 (06) = 06 (07) = 07 (08) = 08 (09) = 09 (10) = Always |
| GGS | 2010 2007 2004 |
To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? Marriage is a lifetime relationship and should never be ended | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
Having Children to Be Fulfilled
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVS | 2008 1999 |
How would you feel about the following statements? Do you agree or disagree with them? A man has to have children in order to be fulfilled | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
| EVS | 2008 1999 1990 1981 |
Do you think that a woman has to have children in order to be fulfilled or is this not necessary? | (01) = Needs children (02) = Not necessary |
| GGS | 2020 2010 2007 2004 |
To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? A man has to have children in order to be fulfilled. | (01) = Strongly disagree (02) = Disagree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Agree (05) = Strongly agree |
| GGS | 2020 2010 2007 2004 |
To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? A woman has to have children in order to be fulfilled. | (01) = Strongly disagree (02) = Disagree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Agree (05) = Strongly agree |
Homosexual Parents
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVS | 2017 | How would you feel about the following statements? Do you agree or disagree with them? Homosexual couples are as good parents as other couples | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
| ISSP | 2022 2012 |
Children grow up in different kinds of families. To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? A same sex male couple can bring up a child as well as a male-female couple | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
| ISSP | 2022 2012 |
Children grow up in different kinds of families. To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? A same sex female couple can bring up a child as well as a male-female couple. | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
Marriage is an Outdated Institution
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVS | 2017 2008 1999 1990 1981 |
Do you tend to agree or disagree with this statement: Marriage is an outdated institution. | (01) = Tend to agree (02) = Tend to disagree |
| GGS | 2020 2010 2007 2004 |
To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? Marriage is an out dated institution. | (01) = Strongly disagree (02) = Disagree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Agree (05) = Strongly agree |
Single Parenthood
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVS | 2008 1999 1990 1981 |
If a woman wants to have a child as a single parent but she doesn't want to have a stable relationship with a man, do you approve or disapprove? | (01) = Approve (02) = Disapprove (03) = Depends |
| GGS | 2010 2007 2004 |
To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? A woman can have a child as a single parent even if she doesn't want to have a stable relationship with a man | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
Support for Homosexuals Adoption Rights
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 3) | Some countries have implemented policies that allow couples to adopt children, regardless of whether these couples are straight or not. Regardless of whether your country has adopted such a policy or not, are you in favour or against allowing gay or lesbian couples to have the same rights to adopt children as straight couples? | (01) = Strongly in favour (02) = In favour (03) = Neither in favour nor against (04) = Against (05) = Strongly against |
| ESS | 2023 2020 2018 2016 |
Gay male and lesbian couples should have the same rights to adopt children as straight couples. | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly Disagree |
| EVS | 2008 | How would you feel about the following statements? Do you agree or disagree with them? Homosexual couples should be able to adopt children | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
Perceived Factors of Success
Impact of Family Wealth on Success
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | How important is coming from a wealthy family for getting ahead in life? | (01) = Essential (02) = Very important (03) = Fairly important (04) = Not very important (05) = Not important at all |
| EB | 2014 (81.4) | In your opinion, out of the following, which are the 2 most important things for getting ahead in life? | (01) = Getting a good education (02) = Working hard (03) = Coming from a wealthy family (04) = Knowing the right people (05) = Being a man (06) = Being lucky (07) = Being smart (08) = Other |
| EB | 2022 (97.4) 2017 (88.4) |
How important do you think each of the following are for getting ahead in life? Coming from a wealthy family | (01) = Essential (02) = Very important (03) = Fairly important (04) = Not very important (05) = Not important at all |
| ISSP | 2019 2009 1999 1992 1987 |
Some questions about opportunities for getting ahead. Please tick one box for each of these to show how important you think it is for getting ahead in life. How important is coming from a wealthy family? | (01) = Essential (02) = Very important (03) = Fairly important (04) = Not very important (05) = Not important at all |
Important is Knowing the Right People
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | How important is knowing the right people for getting ahead in life? | (01) = Essential (02) = Very important (03) = Fairly important (04) = Not very important (05) = Not important at all |
| EB | 2014 (81.4) | In your opinion, out of the following, which are the 2 most important things for getting ahead in life? | (01) = Getting a good education (02) = Working hard (03) = Coming from a wealthy family (04) = Knowing the right people (05) = Being a man (06) = Being lucky (07) = Being smart (08) = Other |
| EB | 2017 (88.4) | How important do you think each of the following are for getting ahead in life? Knowing the right people | (01) = Essential (02) = Very important (03) = Fairly important (04) = Not very important (05) = Not important at all |
| ISSP | 2019 2009 1999 1992 1987 |
Some questions about opportunities for getting ahead. Please tick one box for each of these to show how important you think it is for getting ahead in life. How important is knowing the right people? | (01) = Essential (02) = Very important (03) = Fairly important (04) = Not very important (05) = Not important at all |
Perceived Role of Education in Success
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | How important is having a good education for getting ahead in life? | (01) = Essential (02) = Very important (03) = Fairly important (04) = Not very important (05) = Not important at all |
| EB | 2014 (81.4) | In your opinion, out of the following, which are the 2 most important things for getting ahead in life? | (01) = Getting a good education (02) = Working hard (03) = Coming from a wealthy family (04) = Knowing the right people (05) = Being a man (06) = Being lucky (07) = Being smart (08) = Other |
| EB | 2022 (97.4) 2017 (88.4) |
How important do you think each of the following are for getting ahead in life? Having a good education | (01) = Essential (02) = Very important (03) = Fairly important (04) = Not very important (05) = Not important at all |
| ISSP | 2019 2009 1992 1987 |
Some questions about opportunities for getting ahead. Please tick one box for each of these to show how important you think it is for getting ahead in life. How important is having a good education yourself? | (01) = Essential (02) = Very important (03) = Fairly important (04) = Not very important (05) = Not important at all |
Perceived Role of Hard Work in Success
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | How important is hard work for getting ahead in life? | (01) = Essential (02) = Very important (03) = Fairly important (04) = Not very important (05) = Not important at all |
| EB | 2014 (81.4) | In your opinion, out of the following, which are the 2 most important things for getting ahead in life? | (01) = Getting a good education (02) = Working hard (03) = Coming from a wealthy family (04) = Knowing the right people (05) = Being a man (06) = Being lucky (07) = Being smart (08) = Other |
| EB | 2022 (97.4) 2017 (88.4) |
How important do you think each of the following are for getting ahead in life? Working hard | (01) = Essential (02) = Very important (03) = Fairly important (04) = Not very important (05) = Not important at all |
| EVS | 1990 | Now I'd like you to tell me your views on various issues. How would you place your views on this scale? In the long run, hard work usually brings a better life /// Hard work doesn't generally bring success it's more a matter of luck and connections | (01) = In the long run, hard work usually brings a better life (02) = 02 (03) = 03 (04) = 04 (05) = 05 (06) = 06 (07) = 07 (08) = 08 (09) = 09 (10) = Hard work doesn't generally bring success it's more a matter of luck and connections |
| ISSP | 2019 2009 |
Some questions about opportunities for getting ahead. Please tick one box for each of these to show how important you think it is for getting ahead in life.How important is hard work? | (01) = Essential (02) = Very important (03) = Fairly important (04) = Not very important (05) = Not important at all |
Perceived Role of Luck in Success
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | How important is being lucky for getting ahead in life? | (01) = Essential (02) = Very important (03) = Fairly important (04) = Not very important (05) = Not important at all |
| EB | 2014 (81.4) | In your opinion, out of the following, which are the 2 most important things for getting ahead in life? | (01) = Getting a good education (02) = Working hard (03) = Coming from a wealthy family (04) = Knowing the right people (05) = Being a man (06) = Being lucky (07) = Being smart (08) = Other |
| EB | 2017 (88.4) | How important do you think each of the following are for getting ahead in life? Being lucky | (01) = Essential (02) = Very important (03) = Fairly important (04) = Not very important (05) = Not important at all |
| EQLS | 2003 | Please tell me whether you agree completely, agree somewhat, disagree somewhat or disagree completely with each statement. Good luck is more important than hard work for success. | (01) = Agree completely (02) = Agree somewhat (03) = Disagree somewhat (04) = Disagree completely |
Perceived Role of Religion in Success
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | How important is a person’s religion for getting ahead in life? | (01) = Essential (02) = Very important (03) = Fairly important (04) = Not very important (05) = Not important at all |
| EB | 2006 (66.3) | Please say for each of the following how important it is in your life? Religion | (01) = Very important (02) = Quite important (03) = Not very important (04) = Not at all important |
| ISSP | 2019 2009 |
Some questions about opportunities for getting ahead. Please tick one box for each of these to show how important you think it is for getting ahead in life. How important is a person's religion? | (01) = Essential (02) = Very important (03) = Fairly important (04) = Not very important (05) = Not important at all |
Political Processes and Participation
Attitudes Toward Tax Evasion
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2004 | How much do you agree or disagree with each of these statements? Citizens should not cheat on their taxes. | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
| EVS | 2017 2008 1999 1990 1981 |
Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, never be justified or something in between, using this card. Cheating on tax if you have the chance | (01) = Never (02) = 02 (03) = 03 (04) = 04 (05) = 05 (06) = 06 (07) = 07 (08) = 08 (09) = 09 (10) = Always |
Boycotts
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVS | 2017 2008 1999 1990 1981 |
I'm going to read out some different forms of political action that people can take, and I'd like you to tell me, for each one, whether you have actually done these thing, whether you would do it, might do it or would not, under any circumstances, do any of them. Joining in boycotts | (01) = Have done (02) = Might do (03) = Would never do |
| ISSP | 2014 2004 |
Here are some different forms of political and social action that people can take. Please indicate your involvement in: Boycotted, or deliberately bought, certain products for political, ethical or environmental reasons | (01) = Have done it in the past year (02) = Have done it in the more distant past (03) = Have not done it but might do it (04) = Have not done it and would never, under any circumstances, do it |
Cares About What People Think
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2002 | Do you think that politicians in general care what people like you think? | (01) = Hardly any politicians care what people like me think (02) = Very few care (03) = Some care (04) = Many care (05) = Most politicians care what people like me think |
| ESS | 2014 | How much would you say that politicians care what people like you think? | (00) = Not at all (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Completely |
| ISSP | 2023 2014 2004 |
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? I don’t think the government cares much what people like me think. | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
Have a Say in What the Government Does
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2023 2020 2018 2016 2014 |
How much would you say the political system in [country] allows people like you to have a say in what the government does? | (00) = Not at all (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = A great deal |
| ISSP | 2023 2017 2016 2014 2006 2001 1996 |
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? People like me don’t have any say about what the government does. | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
Influence of Religious Leaders on Voting
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVS | 1999 | How much do you agree or disagree with each of the following: Religious leaders should not influence how people vote in elections | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
| ISSP | 2018 2008 1998 1991 |
How much do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Religious leaders should not try to influence how people vote in elections. | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
Political Discussions with Friends
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2008 (70.1, 69.2) | When you get together with friends, would you say you discuss political matters frequently, occasionally, or never? | (01) = Frequently (02) = Occasionnally (03) = Never |
| EB | 2023 (100.2, 99.4, 98.2) 2022 (97.5, 96.3) 2021 (95.3, 94.3) 2020 (93.1) 2019 (92.3, 91.5) 2018 (90.3, 89.1) 2017 (88.3, 87.3) 2016 (86.2, 85.2) 2015 (84.3, 83.3) 2014 (82.3, 81.4) 2013 (79.3) 2012 (78.1, 77.3) 2011 (76.3, 75.3) 2010 (74.2, 73.4) |
When you get together with friends or relatives, would you say you discuss frequently, occasionally or never about European political matters? | (01) = Frequently (02) = Occasionnally (03) = Never |
| EB | 2023 (100.2, 99.4, 98.2) 2022 (97.5, 96.3) 2021 (95.3, 94.3) 2020 (93.1) 2019 (92.3, 91.5) 2018 (90.3, 89.1) 2017 (88.3, 87.3) 2016 (86.2, 85.2) 2015 (84.3, 83.3) 2014 (82.3, 81.4) 2013 (79.3) 2012 (78.1, 77.3) 2011 (76.3, 75.3) 2010 (74.2, 73.4) |
When you get together with friends or relatives, would you say you discuss frequently, occasionally or never about local political matters? | (01) = Frequently (02) = Occasionnally (03) = Never |
| EB | 2023 (100.2, 99.4, 98.2) 2022 (97.5, 96.3) 2021 (95.3, 94.3) 2020 (93.1) 2019 (92.3, 91.5) 2018 (90.3, 89.1) 2017 (88.3, 87.3) 2016 (86.2, 85.2) 2015 (84.3, 83.3) 2014 (82.3, 81.4) 2013 (79.3) 2012 (78.1, 77.3) 2011 (76.3, 75.3) 2010 (74.2, 73.4) |
When you get together with friends or relatives, would you say you discuss frequently, occasionally or never about national political matters? | (01) = Frequently (02) = Occasionnally (03) = Never |
| EVS | 2008 1999 1990 1981 |
When you get together with your friends, would you say you discuss political matters frequently, occasionally or never? | (01) = Frequently (02) = Occasionally (03) = Never |
| ISSP | 2001 | How often do you discuss politics with your friends? | (01) = Almost all the time (02) = Most of the time (03) = Occasionally (04) = Almost never |
Religious Leaders Influencing Government Decisions
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVS | 2008 1999 |
How much do you agree or disagree with each of the following: Religious leaders should not influence government decisions | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
| ISSP | 2008 1998 1991 |
How much do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Religious leaders should not try to influence government decisions. | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
Signing a Petition
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVS | 2017 2008 1999 1990 1981 |
I'm going to read out some different forms of political action that people can take, and I'd like you to tell me, for each one, whether you have actually done these thing, whether you would do it, might do it or would not, under any circumstances, do any of them.Signing a petition | (01) = Have done (02) = Might do (03) = Would never do |
| ISSP | 2014 2004 |
Here are some different forms of political and social action that people can take. Please indicate your involvement in: Signed a petition | (01) = Have done it in the past year (02) = Have done it in the more distant past (03) = Have not done it but might do it (04) = Have not done it and would never, under any circumstances, do it |
Support for Referendums
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2020 2012 |
And still thinking generally rather than about [country], how important do you think it is for democracy in general that citizens have the final say on the most important political issues by voting on them directly in referendums? | (00) = Not at all important for democracy in general (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Extremely important for demoracy in general |
| ISSP | 2014 2004 |
Thinking now about politics in (COUNTRY), to what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Referendums are a good way to decide important political questions. | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
Trust in Political Parties
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EQLS | 2007 | Please tell me how much you personally trust each of the following institutions.The political parties | (01) = Do not trust at all (02) = 02 (03) = 03 (04) = 04 (05) = 05 (06) = 06 (07) = 07 (08) = 08 (09) = 09 (10) = Trust completely |
| EVS | 2017 2008 |
Please look at this card and tell me, for each item listed, how much confidence you have in them, is it a great deal, quite a lot, not very much or none at all? Political parties | (01) = A great deal (02) = Quite a lot (03) = Not very much (04) = None at all |
Voluntary and Charitable Activities
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2011 (75.2) | In which type(s) of organisation(s) or association(s) do you do your voluntary activity? | (01) = In a sports club or club for outdoor pursuits (sports, fishing and hunting) (02) = In a cultural, educative or artistic association (03) = In a trade union (04) = In a professional organisation (05) = In a consumer organisation (06) = In an organisation for the defence of the rights of minorities (association against racism, against discrimination of women, or for the rights of homosexuals, etc.) (07) = In an organisation for protection of the environment, animal rights, etc. (08) = In a charity organisation or social aid organisation, NGO, a humanitarian association, development aid (09) = In a leisure association or club for the elderly (10) = In a leisure association or club for the young people (scouts, youth clubs, etc.) (11) = In a religious or church organisation (12) = In a political party or a political organisation (13) = In an association defending the interests of patients and\or disabled (14) = In a community or neighbourhood association (15) = Other |
| EQLS | 2007 | How often are you involved in any of the following activities outside of paid work? Voluntary and charitable activities | (01) = Everyday (02) = Three or four times a week (03) = Once or twice a week (04) = Once or twice a month (05) = Less often (06) = Never |
| EQLS | 2016 2012 |
Please look carefully at the list of organisations and tell us, how often did you do unpaid voluntary work through the following organisations in the last 12 months? Social movements (for example environmental, human rights)or charities (for example fundraising, campaigning) | (01) = Every week (02) = Every month (03) = Less often/occasionally (04) = Not at all |
| EQLS | 2016 2012 |
Please look carefully at the list of organisations and tell us, how often did you do unpaid voluntary work through the following organisations in the last 12 months? Other voluntary organisations | (01) = Every week (02) = Every month (03) = Less often/occasionally (04) = Not at all |
| EQLS | 2016 2012 |
Please look carefully at the list of organisations and tell us, how often did you do unpaid voluntary work through the following organisations in the last 12 months? Community and social services (e.g. organisations helping the elderly, young people, disabled or other people in need). | (01) = Every week (02) = Every month (03) = Less often/occasionally (04) = Not at all |
| ESS | 2012 2006 |
In the past 12 months, how often did you get involved in work for voluntary or charitable organisations? | (01) = At least once a week (02) = At least once a month (03) = At least once every three months (04) = At least once every six months (05) = Less often (06) = Never |
| ISSP | 2017 | In the past 12 months, how often, if at all, have you taken part in activities of charitable or religious organisations that do voluntary work? | (01) = Once a week or more (02) = One to three times a months (03) = Several times in the past year (04) = Once in the past year (05) = Never |
Retirement and Housing
Decent Life for Older People
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | How much responsibility do you think governments should have in ensuring a reasonable standard of living for the old? | (00) = 0 – Should not be the government’s responsibility at all (01) = 1 (02) = 2 (03) = 3 (04) = 4 (05) = 5 (06) = 6 (07) = 7 (08) = 8 (09) = 9 (10) = 10 – Should be entirely the government’s responsibility |
| EB | 2007 (67.3) | For each of the following statements regarding the care of the elderly, please tell me to what extent you agree or disagree. Public authorities should provide appropriate home care and\ or institutional care for elderly people in need | (01) = Totally agree (02) = Tend to agree (03) = Tendo to disagree (04) = Totally disagree |
| ESS | 2006 | Choosing your answer from this card, please tell me who you think should be mainly responsible for providing people with an adequate standard of living in their old age? Please express your opinion on a scale of 0 to 10, where 0 means ‘mainly the responsibility of the individual’ and 10 means 'mainly the responsibility of the government’. | (00) = Mainly responsibility of the individual (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Mainly responsibility of the government |
| ISSP | 2016 2006 2001 1996 1990 1985 |
On the whole, do you think it should be or should not be the government's responsibility to: Provide a decent standard of living for the old | (01) = Definitely should be (02) = Probably should be (03) = Probably should not be (04) = Definitely should not be |
Housing, Rent, or Heating Benefits
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EQLS | 2016 | Have you or someone else in your household received any of the following types of income over the past 12 months? Please tick ‘yes’ or ‘no’ for each source of income. Housing, rent or heating benefit | (01) = Yes (02) = No |
| GGS | 2010 2007 2004 |
Please tell me which of these types of income has your household received during the last 12 months: housing allowance/rent debate | (01) = Yes (02) = No |
Income in Old Age Will Not Be Adequate Enough
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EQLS | 2016 | On a scale of 1 to 10, how worried are you, if at all, that your income in old age will not be sufficient? 1 means not worried at all, 10 means extremely worried. | (01) = Not worried (02) = 02 (03) = 03 (04) = 04 (05) = 05 (06) = 06 (07) = 07 (08) = 08 (09) = 09 (10) = Extremely worried |
| ESS | 2006 | How worried are you, if at all, that your income in old age will not be adequate enough to cover your later years. Please express your opinion on a scale of 0 to 10, where 0 means ‘not worried at all’ and 10 means 'extremely worried’. | (00) = Not at all worried (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Extremely worried |
Traditional vs Modern Gender Roles
A Job is Alright but What Most Women Really Want is a Home and Children
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVS | 2017 | For each of the following statements I read out, can you tell me how strongly you agree or disagree with each. Do you strongly agree, agree, disagree, or strongly disagree? A job is alright but what most women really want is a home and children | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
| ISSP | 2022 2012 2002 1994 1991 1990 1988 |
To what extent do you agree or disagree..? A job is all right, but what most women really want is a home and children | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
Attitudes Toward Working Mothers
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2009 (72.2) | Please tell me whether you agree or disagree with each of the following statements concerning the employment of women. A mother must put looking after her young child ahead of her career | (01) = Totally agree (02) = Tend to agree (03) = Tend to disagree (04) = Totally disagree |
| EVS | 2008 1999 1990 |
People talk about the changing roles of men and women today. For each of the following statements I read out, can you tell me how much you agree with each. Please use the responses on this card. A working mother can establish just as warm and secure a relationship with her children as a mother who does not work | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Disagree (04) = Strongly disagree |
| ISSP | 2022 2012 2002 1994 1990 1988 |
To begin, we have some questions about women. To what extent do you agree or disagree..? A working mother can establish just as warm and secure a relationship with her children as a mother who does not work | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
Being a Housewife is Just as Fulfilling as Working for Pay
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| GGS | 2010 2007 2004 |
To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? Looking after the home or family is just as fulfilling as working for pay. | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
| ISSP | 2022 2012 2002 1994 1988 |
To what extent do you agree or disagree..? Being a housewife is just as fulfilling as working for pay | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
Family Life Suffers When the Woman Has a Full-Time Job
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2014 (82.4) | Please tell me whether you agree or disagree with each of the following statements: All in all family life suffers when the mother has a full time job | (01) = Totally agree (02) = Tend to agree (03) = Tend to disagree (04) = Totally disagree |
| EVS | 2017 | For each of the following statements I read out, can you tell me how strongly you agree or disagree with each. Do you strongly agree, agree, disagree, or strongly disagree? All in all, family life suffers when the woman has a full-time job | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
| ISSP | 2022 2012 2002 1998 1994 1991 1990 1988 |
To what extent do you agree or disagree..? All in all, family life sufferes when the woman has a full-time job | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
Gender Roles in Employment During Economic Scarcity
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2005 (63.1) | For each of the following statements please tell me to what extent you agree or disagree. If jobs are scarce, women have as much right to a job as men | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Tend to Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Tend to disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
| ESS | 2016 2010 2008 2004 |
I am now going to read out some statements about men and women and their place in the family. Using this card, please tell me how much you agree or disagree with the following statements. When jobs are scarce, men should have more right to a job than women. | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
| EVS | 2008 1999 1990 |
Do you agree or disagree with the following statements? When jobs are scarce, men have more right to a job than women | (01) = Agree (02) = Disagree (03) = Neither |
| EVS | 2017 | Do you agree or disagree with the following statements? When jobs are scarce, men have more right to a job than women | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) =Disagree Strongly |
| GGS | 2010 2007 2004 |
To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? When jobs are scarce, men should have more rights to a job than women. | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
| EVS | 2017 | How much do you agree or disagree with each of this statement? When jobs are scarce, men have more right to a job than women | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
Gender Roles in Family and Home
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2003 (59.0) | Do you agree with the following statements? Men and women should divide all household tasks between them as equally as possible | (01) = Yes (02) = No |
| ESS | 2004 | I am now going to read out some statements about men and women and their place in the family. Using this card, please tell me how much you agree or disagree with the following statements. Men should take as much responsibility as women for the home and children. | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
| EVS | 2008 | People talk about the changing roles of men and women today. For each of the following statements I read out, can you tell me how much you agree with each. Please use the responses on this card. Men should take as much responsibility as women for the home and children | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
| ISSP | 2022 | People have different opinions about how much responsibility women and men should have for the home and family. Which of the following statements comes closest to your opinion? | (01) = Women should take much more responsibility (02) = Women should take somewhat more responsibility (03) = Women and men should take equal responsibility (04) = Men should take somewhat more responsibility (05) = Men should take much more responsibility |
Gender Roles on Work and Family
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVS | 2017 | For each of the following statements I read out, can you tell me how strongly you agree or disagree with each. Do you strongly agree, agree, disagree, or strongly disagree? A man's job is to earn money; a woman's job is to look after the home and family | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
| ISSP | 2022 2018 2012 2008 2002 1998 1994 1991 1990 1988 |
To what extent do you agree or disagree..? A man's job is to earn money; a women's job is to look after the home and family | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
Gender and Leadership Perceptions
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVS | 2017 | For each of the following statements I read out, can you tell me how strongly you agree or disagree with each. Do you strongly agree, agree, disagree, or strongly disagree? On the whole, men make better business executives than women do | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
| ISSP | 2022 | People may have different opinions about whether women or men are best suited to serve in certain leadership positions. Please consider the following positions and tick the options that come closest to your own opinion. Senior executive of a large company | (01) = Women are much better suited (02) = Women are somewhat better suited (03) = Women and men are equally suited (04) = Men are somewhat better suited (05) = Men are better suited |
Gender and Political Leadership Perceptions
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2005 (63.1) | For each of the following statements please tell me to what extent you agree or disagree. On the whole, men make better political leaders than women | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Tend to Aree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Tend to disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
| EB | 2017 (87.4) | Please tell me whether you agree or disagree with each of the following statements. Women do not have the necessary qualities and skills to fill positions of responsibility in politics | (01) = Totally agree (02) = Tend to agree (03) = Tend to disagree (04) = Totally disagree |
| EVS | 2017 | For each of the following statements I read out, can you tell me how strongly you agree or disagree with each. Do you strongly agree, agree, disagree, or strongly disagree? On the whole, men make better political leaders than women do | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
| GGS | 2010 2007 2004 |
To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? On the whole, men make better political leaders than women do. | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
Welfare and Redistribution
Child, Family, or Care Allowances
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EQLS | 2012 2007 2003 |
Have you or someone else in your household received any of the following types of income over the past 12 months? C) Child benefit | (01) = Yes (02) = No |
| EQLS | 2016 | Have you or someone else in your household received any of the following types of income over the past 12 months? Please tick ‘yes’ or ‘no’ for each source of income. Child, family or care allowance/benefit | (01) = Yes (02) = No |
| GGS | 2010 2007 2004 |
Please tell me which of these types of income has your household received during the last 12 months: Child allowance | (01) = Yes (02) = No |
| GGS | 2020 2010 2007 2004 |
This list shows different types of income. Please indicate which of these types of income your household has received during the last 12 months | (01) = Earnings from your paid work (02) = Earnings from your partner's paid work (03) = A retirement pension (04) = A widow or survivor or war benefit (05) = A disability allowance, incapacity or illness benefit (06) = An unemployment benefit or job seeker allowance (07) = A social assistance payment (08) = A study benefits or a scholarship (09) = A maternity leave, parental leave or childcare leave benefit (10) = Interest, dividends and profits from other investments (11) = Payments from other sources |
Government Responsibility for Unemployed
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | How much responsibility do you think governments should have in ensuring a reasonable standard of living for the unemployed? | (00) = 0 – Should not be the government’s responsibility at all (01) = 1 (02) = 2 (03) = 3 (04) = 4 (05) = 5 (06) = 6 (07) = 7 (08) = 8 (09) = 9 (10) = 10 – Should be entirely the government’s responsibility |
| EB | 2001 (56.1) | The government should provide a decent standard of living for the unemployed | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Slightly agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Slightly disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
| ESS | 2016 2008 |
And how much responsibility do you think governments should have to ensure a reasonable standard of living for the unemployed? | (00) = Should not be government's responsibility (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Should entirely be the responsibilityof the government |
| ISSP | 2019 1989 |
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The government should provide a decent standard of living for the unemployed. | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
| ISSP | 2016 2006 1996 1990 1985 |
On the whole, do you think it should be or should not be the government's responsibility to: Provide a decent standard of living for the unemployed | (01) = Definitely should be (02) = Probably should be (03) = Probably should not be (04) = Definitely should not be |
Government Responsibility in Income Redistribution
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRONOS-3 | 2025 (Wave 1) | How much responsibility do you think governments should have in reducing the differences in income between people with high incomes and those with low incomes? | (00) = 0 – Should not be the government’s responsibility at all (01) = 1 (02) = 2 (03) = 3 (04) = 4 (05) = 5 (06) = 6 (07) = 7 (08) = 8 (09) = 9 (10) = 10 – Should be entirely the government’s responsibility |
| EB | 2001 (56.1) | It is the responsibility of the government to reduce the differences between those with high and low incomes | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Slightly agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Slightly disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
| EB | 2002 (58.0) | Now I am going to read you a number of statements. Please tell me whether you tend to agree or tend to disagree with each one? The government should redistribute income from the better-off to the less well off | (01) = Tend to agree (02) = Tend to disagree |
| EB | 2010 (74.1) | For each of the following statements, please tell me whether you … The (NATIONALITY) Government should ensure that the wealth of the country is redistributed in a fair way to all citizens | (01) = Totally agree (02) = Tend to agree (03) = Tend to disagree (04) = Totally disagree |
| EB | 2022 (97.4) 2017 (88.4) |
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? The (NATIONALITY) government should take measures to reduce differences in income levels | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
| ESS | 2023 2020 2018 2016 2014 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 |
To what extent you agree or disagree with each of the following statements. The government should take measures to reduce differences in income levels | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
| ESS | 2020 2012 |
And still thinking generally rather than about [country], how important do you think it is for democracy in general that... The government takes measures to reduce differences in income levels? | (00) = Not at all important for democracy in general (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Extremely important for demoracy in general |
| ISSP | 2020 2019 2017 2010 2009 2006 2000 1999 1993 1992 1990 1987 1985 |
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is the responsibility of the government to reduce the differences in income between people with high incomes and those with low incomes. | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
| ISSP | 2000 1991 1990 1989 |
How much do you agree or disagree with each of these statements? Government should redistribute income from the better-off to those who are less well-off | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
| ISSP | 1998 1996 1991 |
On the whole, do you think it should or should not be the government's responsibility to reduce income differences between the rich and poor? | (01) = Definitely should be (02) = Probably should be (03) = Probably should not be (04) = Definitely should not be |
Governments Responsibility to Provide Healthcare
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESS | 2008 | People have different views on what the responsibilities of governments should or should not be. For each of the tasks I read out please tell me on a score of 0-10 how much responsibility you think governments should have. 0 means it should not be governments’ responsibility at all and 10 means it should be entirely governments’ responsibility. Firstly to ensure adequate health care for the sick? | (00) = Should not be government's responsibility (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Should entirely be the responsibilityof the government |
| ISSP | 2016 2006 1996 1990 1985 |
On the whole, do you think it should be or should not be the government's responsibility to: Provide health care for the sick | (01) = Definitely should be (02) = Probably should be (03) = Probably should not be (04) = Definitely should not be |
Government’s Responsibility to Create Jobs
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2001 (56.1) | The government should provide a job for everyone who wants one | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Slightly agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Slightly disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
| ESS | 2008 | People have different views on what the responsibilities of governments should or should not be. For each of the tasks I read out please tell me on a score of 0-10 how much responsibility you think governments should have. 0 means it should not be governments’ responsibility at all and 10 means it should be entirely governments’ responsibility. Firstly to ensure a job for everyone who wants one? | (00) = Should not be government's responsibility (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Should entirely be the responsibilityof the government |
| ISSP | 2016 2006 1998 1996 1991 1990 1989 1985 |
On the whole, do you think it should be or should not be the government's responsibility to: Provide a job for everyone who wants one | (01) = Definitely should be (02) = Probably should be (03) = Probably should not be (04) = Definitely should not be |
Support for Reducing Welfare Benefits
| Survey Programme | Year | Question Text | Response Categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| EB | 2001 (56.1) | The government should spend less on benefits for the poor | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Slightly agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Slightly disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
| EB | 2022 (97.4) | Thinking about the taxes and social security contributions you might have to pay, would you like to see the (NATIONALITY) government spend less, spend the same, or spend more in each of the following areas? Income support (e.g. cash benefits for low-income earners and socially excluded persons) | (01) = Spend much more (02) = Spend more (03) = Keep spending at current level (04) = Spending less (05) = Spending much less |
| ESS | 2016 2008 |
Using this card, please say how much you agree or disagree with each of the following statements about people in [country]. Many people with very low incomes get less benefit than they are legally entitled to. | (01) = Strongly agree (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Strongly disagree |
| ESS | 2016 | Would you be against or in favour of the government providing social benefits and services only for people with the lowest incomes, while people with middle and higher incomes are responsible for themselves? | (05) = Strongly in favour (04) = somewhat in favour (03) = Neitherin favour nor against (02) = omewhat against (01) = Strongly against |
| ESS | 2020 2012 |
Using this card, please tell me to what extent you think each of the following statements applies in [country]. 0 means you think the statement does not apply at all and 10 means you think it applies completely: The government in [country] takes measures to reduce differences in income levels. | (00) = Does not apply at all (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) = Applies completely |
| ISSP | 2009 1987 |
Please show how much you agree or disagree with each statement ... The government should spend less on benefits for the poor. | (01) = Agree strongly (02) = Agree (03) = Neither agree nor disagree (04) = Disagree (05) = Disagree strongly |
Social Tensions Between Racial or Ethnic Groups
(02) = Not much tension
(03) = Some tension
(04) = A lot of tension
(02) = Some tension
(03) = No tension
2012
2007
2003
(02) = Some tension
(03) = No tension
(02) = Strong conflicts
(03) = Not very strong conflicts
(04) = There are no conflicts